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Reciprocal interactions of the intestinal microbiota and immune system
Open accessAbstract
The emergence of the adaptive immune system in vertebrates set the stage for evolution of an advanced symbiotic relationship with the intestinal microbiota. The defining features of specificity and memory that characterize adaptive immunity have afforded vertebrates the mechanisms for efficiently tailoring immune responses to diverse types of microbes, whether to promote mutualism or host defence. These same attributes can put the host at risk of immune-mediated diseases that are increasingly linked to the intestinal microbiota. Understanding how the adaptive immune system copes with the remarkable number and diversity of microbes that colonize the digestive tract, and how the system integrates with more primitive innate immune mechanisms to maintain immune homeostasis, holds considerable promise for new approaches to modulate immune networks to treat and prevent disease.
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“This is of particular importance in intestinal tissues, which are enriched in both Th17 and Treg cells and are subject to ongoing antigenic stimulation from the intestinal microbiome (70).”
From T H 17 cells require ongoing classic IL-6 receptor signaling to retain transcriptional and functional identity (2020) · cites this paper as [70]
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“Ecological conditions vary immensely along both the length of the GI tract as well as in cross-section from lumen to the mucosal brush-border[173,267,308,309].”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [308]
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“Butyrate generated by benign microbiota components stimulates greater mucin secretion, forming a positive feedback loop for the preservation of the mucous barrier and its colonization by butyrate-producing commensals [44].”
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“Furthermore, there is an intensive crosstalk between gut microbes and the intestinal epithelium throughout life (Kau et al. 2011; Lozupone et al. 2012; Maynard et al. 2012).”
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“The microbiome can therefore be viewed as representing an evolutionary collection of species which is integral to the host’s constant strive to augment the utilization of its food components (Maynard et al., 2012).”
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“The ileum is highly enriched in TLR-4 expression as well as microbiota involved in the generation of IgA (Ortega-Cava et al. 2003; Maynard et al. 2012; Ohashi et al. 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialNonextracorporeal Methods for Decreasing Uremic Solute Concentration: A Future Way To Go?
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“…after birth and plays a lifelong role in human wellbeing by contributing to immune system maturation and functioning (Belkaid and Hand 2014; Maynard et al. 2012), extracting dietary nutrients (Hijova 2019), providing protection against pathogens (Khosravi and Mazmanian 2013), metabolizing…”
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“However, some studies indicate microbiota development and diversification should not occur too earlier and quickly, since the bacteria need to develop in a gradual process; prematurely occurring changes towards an adult-type microbiota may cause damage to host gut immune function [50, 51].”
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Bugs as drugs: The role of microbiome in cancer focusing on immunotherapeutics
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“A dynamic two‐way association occurs between GM and the host immune system through the course of a lifetime (52).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Maynard, C. L., Elson, C. O., Hatton, R. D., & Weaver, C. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Corresponding author
- Weaver, Casey T.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2012-09
- Volume
- 489
- Issue
- 7415
- Pages
- 231-241
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC4492337
- OpenAlex
- W2083102356
- Cited by
- 1,598
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 122 · 2023: 136 · 2022: 126 · 2021: 143 · 2020: 148 · 2019: 122 · 2018: 120 · 2017: 100 · 2016: 118 · 2015: 120 · 2014: 110 · 2013: 96 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 9.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Crohn's and Colitis Foundation
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI057956, T32AI007051)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R24DK064400, P01DK071176, R01DK093015)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, adaptive immunity, innate immunity, host-microbe symbiosis, immune homeostasis, immune-mediated diseases, immunological memory, gut microbiota modulation, host defense
- MeSH terms
- Blood Group Antigens, Cesarean Section, Epithelium, Female, Homeostasis, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Intestines, Pregnancy, T-Lymphocytes, Vagina, Metagenome
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