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Reciprocal interactions of the intestinal microbiota and immune system
Open accessAbstract
The emergence of the adaptive immune system in vertebrates set the stage for evolution of an advanced symbiotic relationship with the intestinal microbiota. The defining features of specificity and memory that characterize adaptive immunity have afforded vertebrates the mechanisms for efficiently tailoring immune responses to diverse types of microbes, whether to promote mutualism or host defence. These same attributes can put the host at risk of immune-mediated diseases that are increasingly linked to the intestinal microbiota. Understanding how the adaptive immune system copes with the remarkable number and diversity of microbes that colonize the digestive tract, and how the system integrates with more primitive innate immune mechanisms to maintain immune homeostasis, holds considerable promise for new approaches to modulate immune networks to treat and prevent disease.
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“This is of particular importance in intestinal tissues, which are enriched in both Th17 and Treg cells and are subject to ongoing antigenic stimulation from the intestinal microbiome (70).”
From T H 17 cells require ongoing classic IL-6 receptor signaling to retain transcriptional and functional identity (2020) · cites this paper as [70]
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“Ecological conditions vary immensely along both the length of the GI tract as well as in cross-section from lumen to the mucosal brush-border[173,267,308,309].”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [308]
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BackgroundFeed Additives, Gut Microbiota, and Health in Finfish Aquaculture
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“Activated DCs promote differentiation and activation of T-helper (Th) cells to specific CD4+ T-effector subsets through antigen-presenting molecules and cytokine secretion [17].”
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“Thus, innate immune responses to commensal organisms mediated by dendritic cells or by macrophages via dendritic cells are blunted (1, 2, 83, 84).”
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Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in NAFLD Treatment
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BackgroundExperimental design considerations in microbiota/inflammation studies
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“org e601 system is required for homeostasis of the gastrointestinal tract (8).”
BackgroundHuman diseases, immunity and the oral microbiota—Insights gained from metagenomic studies
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“inflammatory response [49] and activate innate immune response [50], all essential for the fight against pathogens in fish.”
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“In contrast, humans benefit from a well-functioning metabolic engine improving our ability to obtain nutrients from food (Maynard et al., 2012).”
BackgroundGut microbiota and renal transplant outcome
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Ellagic acid protects Caco-2 cell monolayers against inflammation-induced permeabilization
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Streptococcus thermophilus Attenuates Inflammation in Septic Mice Mediated by Gut Microbiota
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“invading pathogens.(2,3) Despite these essential functions, the taxonomic composition(4) and stability(5) of each individual’s microbiome is distinct.”
BackgroundZinc and gut microbiota in health and gastrointestinal disease under the COVID‐19 suggestion
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“The latter is crucial for maintenance of antigen tolerance and helps containing pathogens expansion.(9) Intra- and extracellular zinc concentrations can affect gut microbiota behavior and vice versa.”
BackgroundHeterogeneity of colon cancer: from bench to bedside
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“However, in some genetically predisposed individuals, bacteria or fungi on the mucous membranes may lead to the activation of the local innate immune system and, in turn, induce an adaptive immune response [34].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Maynard, C. L., Elson, C. O., Hatton, R. D., & Weaver, C. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Corresponding author
- Weaver, Casey T.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2012-09
- Volume
- 489
- Issue
- 7415
- Pages
- 231-241
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC4492337
- OpenAlex
- W2083102356
- Cited by
- 1,598
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 122 · 2023: 136 · 2022: 126 · 2021: 143 · 2020: 148 · 2019: 122 · 2018: 120 · 2017: 100 · 2016: 118 · 2015: 120 · 2014: 110 · 2013: 96 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 9.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Crohn's and Colitis Foundation
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI057956, T32AI007051)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R24DK064400, P01DK071176, R01DK093015)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, adaptive immunity, innate immunity, host-microbe symbiosis, immune homeostasis, immune-mediated diseases, immunological memory, gut microbiota modulation, host defense
- MeSH terms
- Blood Group Antigens, Cesarean Section, Epithelium, Female, Homeostasis, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Intestines, Pregnancy, T-Lymphocytes, Vagina, Metagenome
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