Cited by 497Melanoma and MAPK Pathwaysmelanin and skin pigmentationCutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

An ultraviolet-radiation-independent pathway to melanoma carcinogenesis in the red hair/fair skin background

Open access

Abstract

People with pale skin, red hair, freckles and an inability to tan--the 'red hair/fair skin' phenotype--are at highest risk of developing melanoma, compared to all other pigmentation types. Genetically, this phenotype is frequently the product of inactivating polymorphisms in the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene. MC1R encodes a cyclic AMP-stimulating G-protein-coupled receptor that controls pigment production. Minimal receptor activity, as in red hair/fair skin polymorphisms, produces the red/yellow pheomelanin pigment, whereas increasing MC1R activity stimulates the production of black/brown eumelanin. Pheomelanin has weak shielding capacity against ultraviolet radiation relative to eumelanin, and has been shown to amplify ultraviolet-A-induced reactive oxygen species. Several observations, however, complicate the assumption that melanoma risk is completely ultraviolet-radiation-dependent. For example, unlike non-melanoma skin cancers, melanoma is not restricted to sun-exposed skin and ultraviolet radiation signature mutations are infrequently oncogenic drivers. Although linkage of melanoma risk to ultraviolet radiation exposure is beyond doubt, ultraviolet-radiation-independent events are likely to have a significant role. Here we introduce a conditional, melanocyte-targeted allele of the most common melanoma oncoprotein, BRAF(V600E), into mice carrying an inactivating mutation in the Mc1r gene (these mice have a phenotype analogous to red hair/fair skin humans). We observed a high incidence of invasive melanomas without providing additional gene aberrations or ultraviolet radiation exposure. To investigate the mechanism of ultraviolet-radiation-independent carcinogenesis, we introduced an albino allele, which ablates all pigment production on the Mc1r(e/e) background. Selective absence of pheomelanin synthesis was protective against melanoma development. In addition, normal Mc1r(e/e) mouse skin was found to have significantly greater oxidative DNA and lipid damage than albino-Mc1r(e/e) mouse skin. These data suggest that the pheomelanin pigment pathway produces ultraviolet-radiation-independent carcinogenic contributions to melanomagenesis by a mechanism of oxidative damage. Although protection from ultraviolet radiation remains important, additional strategies may be required for optimal melanoma prevention.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/nature11624

Cites

30 of 30 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 30 references

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 497

Metadata

Authors
Mitra, D., Luo, X., Morgan, A., Wang, J., Hoang, M. P., Lo, J., Guerrero, C. R., Lennerz, J. K., Mihm, M. C., Wargo, J. A., Robinson, K. C., Devi, S. P., Vanover, J. C., D’Orazio, J. A., McMahon, M., Bosenberg, M. W., Haigis, K. M., Haber, D. A., Wang, Y., & Fisher, D. E.
Affiliations
  • Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
  • Harvard University (US)
  • University of California, Riverside (US)
  • Universität Ulm (DE)
  • University of Kentucky (US)
  • University of California, San Francisco (US)
  • Yale University (US)
Corresponding author
Fisher, David E.
Venue
Nature
Published
2012-10-31
Volume
491
Issue
7424
Pages
449-453
ISSN
  • 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
  • 1476-4687
OpenAlex
W2109511835
Cited by
497
References
30
Citations by year
2026: 16 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 3
FWCI
16.31
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Nature (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (1f30es020663-01)
  • National Cancer Institute (R01CA101864, R01CA131075, R01CA129933, R01CA176839)
  • National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM007753)
  • National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (F30 ES020663, F30 ES020663-01)
  • National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR043369)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Melanoma and MAPK Pathways
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management
Keywords
melanoma, MC1R, pheomelanin, eumelanin, BRAF V600E mutation, oxidative DNA damage, oxidative DNA damage repair, skin pigmentation, melanoma susceptibility, mouse model, skin cancer prevention, sun protection, reactive oxygen species
MeSH terms
Animals, Gene Expression Regulation, Hair Color, Indoles, Melanins, Melanoma, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Peroxidases, Skin Pigmentation, Sulfonamides, Tumor Cells, Cultured, Monophenol Monooxygenase, Ultraviolet Rays, Survival Analysis, Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1, Cell Line, Tumor, Protein Kinase Inhibitors, Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf, Cell Proliferation, Mice

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review