The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Giant magnetized outflows from the centre of the Milky Way
Open accessAbstract
The nucleus of the Milky Way is known to harbour regions of intense star formation activity as well as a supermassive black hole. Recent observations have revealed regions of γ-ray emission reaching far above and below the Galactic Centre (relative to the Galactic plane), the so-called 'Fermi bubbles'. It is uncertain whether these were generated by nuclear star formation or by quasar-like outbursts of the central black hole and no information on the structures' magnetic field has been reported. Here we report observations of two giant, linearly polarized radio lobes, containing three ridge-like substructures, emanating from the Galactic Centre. The lobes each extend about 60 degrees in the Galactic bulge, closely corresponding to the Fermi bubbles, and are permeated by strong magnetic fields of up to 15 microgauss. We conclude that the radio lobes originate in a biconical, star-formation-driven (rather than black-hole-driven) outflow from the Galaxy's central 200 parsecs that transports a huge amount of magnetic energy, about 10(55) ergs, into the Galactic halo. The ridges wind around this outflow and, we suggest, constitute a 'phonographic' record of nuclear star formation activity over at least ten million years.
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“Such depolarization is clearly visible in the 2 . 3 GHz WMAP and Planck map at b ≲ 30 ◦ (see Panel f in figure 4, and also Carretti et al. 2013; Vidal et al. 2015; Planck Collaboration et al. 2016).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Carretti et al. 2013
In the citing paper
“Observations of the haze at 2 . 3 GHz using the Parkes Radio Telescope, however, revealed that the emission is significantly polarized ( ∼ 20 -30%) and has a steeper spectral index, β ≃ 3 -3 . 2 in the 2 . 3 -23 GHz range, i.e. electron spectral index of p ≃ 3 -3 . 4 (Carretti et al. 2013).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Carretti et al. 2013
In the citing paper
“The above estimate indicates that the polarized microwave bubbles are ≳ 25 Myr older (Carretti et al. 2013, supplements).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Carretti et al. 2013
In the citing paper
“Therefore, one would expect that the low-energy electrons would diffuse beyond the acceleration zone by ∼ 10 ◦ (assuming a distance of ∼ 8 kpc to the emitting region), very close to the observed extension of the 2.3 GHz polarized emission around the FBs (Carretti et al. 2013).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Carretti et al. 2013
In the citing paper
“The spatial extent of the 2 . 3 GHz polarized emission also extends ∼ 10 ◦ beyond the boundary of the FBs toward the North-West and South-West sides and almost touches the eROSITA bubble edges.”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Carretti et al. 2013
In the citing paper
“The FBs and the 2 . 3 GHz polarized bubbles seem to be tilted by ∼ 30 ◦ toward the west in both the southern and northern hemispheres (Su et al. 2010; Carretti et al. 2013).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Carretti et al. 2013
In the citing paper
“A steep electron spectrum at 2 . 3 -23 GHz in the polarized emission (Carretti et al. 2013) indicates a synchrotron cooling time (and hence a dynamical time) of t dyn ∼ 25 Myr in the polarized bubbles (section 2.4).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Carretti et al. 2013
Citations
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Self-citation
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array Sky Survey (VLASS). Science Case and Survey Design
Lacy, M., Baum, S., Chandler, C., Chatterjee, S., Clarke, T., Deustua, S., English, J., Farnes, J., Gaensler, B., Gugliucci, N., et al. (2019) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ab63eb · Cited by 463
“Note that this result is based on the 9 arcminute resolution SPASS survey (Carretti et al. 2013), so the reduction in beam depolarization may result in even larger fractional polarizations at 2–4 GHz, ∼ 10% (see Section 6.4.2).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationTwo emission mechanisms in the Fermi Bubbles: A possible signal of annihilating dark matter
Hooper, D., & Slatyer, T. R. (2013) · Physics of the Dark Universe · doi:10.1016/j.dark.2013.06.003 · Cited by 331
THE SPECTRUM AND MORPHOLOGY OF THE FERMI BUBBLES
Ackermann, M., Albert, A., Atwood, W. B., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Bastieri, D., Bellazzini, R., Bissaldi, E., Blandford, R. D., et al. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/793/1/64 · Cited by 328
“There is a tentative association of the Fermi bubbles with some features in the S-band Polarization All Sky Survey (S-PASS) radio data (Carretti et al. 2013) and in WMAP polarization maps (Jones et al. 2012).”
BackgroundWhat controls star formation in the central 500 pc of the Galaxy?
Kruijssen, J. M. D., Longmore, S. N., Elmegreen, B. G., Murray, N., Bally, J., Testi, L., & Kennicutt, R. C. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu494 · Cited by 288
“Radio andγ-ray observations of nested giant bubbles indeed provide evidence that stellar feedback has a profound impact onlocalized portions of the CMZ (Sofue & Handa 1984; Su, Slatyer & Finkbeiner 2010; Carretti et al. 2013).”
BackgroundThe Nine Lives of Cosmic Rays in Galaxies
Grenier, I., Black, J., & Strong, A. (2015) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-082214-122457 · Cited by 245
“They partially overlap two giant radio lobes emanating from the Galactic bulge and permeated by large magnetic fields, up to 1.5 nT (Carretti et al. 2013).”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Carretti, E., Crocker, R. M., Staveley-Smith, L., Haverkorn, M., Purcell, C., Gaensler, B. M., Bernardi, G., Kesteven, M. J., & Poppi, S.
- Affiliations
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (AU)
- Australian National University (AU)
- Leiden University (NL)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian (US)
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Carretti, Ettore
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2013-01
- Volume
- 493
- Issue
- 7430
- Pages
- 66-69
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2129996269
- Cited by
- 215
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 16
- FWCI
- 16.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Keywords
- Galactic Center, Fermi bubbles, radio lobes, magnetic field, biconical outflow, Galactic halo, nuclear star formation, supermassive black holes, Milky Way
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