A 100 pc ELLIPTICAL AND TWISTED RING OF COLD AND DENSE MOLECULAR CLOUDS REVEALED BY HERSCHEL AROUND THE GALACTIC CENTER

Molinari, S.; Bally, J.; Noriega-Crespo, A.; Compiègne, M.; Bernard, J. P.; Paradis, D.; Martin, P.; Testi, L.; Barlow, M.; Moore, T.; Plume, R.; Swinyard, B.; Zavagno, A.; Calzoletti, L.; Di Giorgio, A. M.; Elia, D.; Faustini, F.; Natoli, P.; Pestalozzi, M.; Pezzuto, S.; Piacentini, F.; Polenta, G.; Polychroni, D.; Schisano, E.; Traficante, A.; Veneziani, M.; Battersby, C.; Burton, M.; Carey, S.; Fukui, Y.; Li, J. Z.; Lord, S. D.; Morgan, L.; Motte, F.; Schuller, F.; Stringfellow, G. S.; Tan, J. C.; Thompson, M. A.; Ward-Thompson, D.; White, G.; Umana, G.

doi:10.1088/2041-8205/735/2/l33

Cited by 357Astrophysical Phenomena and ObservationsAstrophysics and Star Formation StudiesStellar, planetary, and galactic studies

A 100 pc ELLIPTICAL AND TWISTED RING OF COLD AND DENSE MOLECULAR CLOUDS REVEALED BY HERSCHEL AROUND THE GALACTIC CENTER

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Molinari, S., Bally, J., Noriega-Crespo, A., Compiègne, M., Bernard, J. P., Paradis, D., Martin, P., Testi, L. +33 more·2011·The Astrophysical Journal

DOI 10.1088/2041-8205/735/2/l33

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Abstract

Thermal images of cold dust in the Central Molecular Zone of the Milky Way, obtained with the far-infrared cameras on board the Herschel satellite, reveal a ∼3 × 10 7 M ☉ ring of dense and cold clouds orbiting the Galactic center. Using a simple toy model, an elliptical shape having semi-major axes of 100 and 60 pc is deduced. The major axis of this 100 pc ring is inclined by about 40° with respect to the plane of the sky and is oriented perpendicular to the major axes of the Galactic Bar. The 100 pc ring appears to trace the system of stable x 2 orbits predicted for the barred Galactic potential. Sgr A ⋆ is displaced with respect to the geometrical center of symmetry of the ring. The ring is twisted and its morphology suggests a flattening ratio of 2 for the Galactic potential, which is in good agreement with the bulge flattening ratio derived from the 2MASS data.

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The CMZ is a disk-like region of dense (≳10^3 cm^-3) gas within +1.7°≲l≲-1° (R≃200 pc, assuming Galactocentric radii 8.5 kpc), |b|≲0.5° (H≃75 pc), and |vrot|≲150 km/s.
“The CMZ is a disk-like region of dense ( ≳ 10 3 cm -3 ) gas within + 1 . 7 ◦ ≲ l ≲ -1 ◦ ( R ≃ 200 pc, assuming a Galactocentric radii of 8 . 5 kpc), | b | ≲ 0 . 5 ◦ ( H ≃ 75 pc), and | v rot | ≲ 150 km s -1 (Panel a of Fig 8; Sofue 1995; Morris & Serabyn 1996; Molinari et al. 2011; Henshaw et al. 2016, 2022; Sormani et al. 2022).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Molinari et al. 2011
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes the CMZ as containing dense molecular clouds and extending from l = −1° to about +1.5°, broadly supporting the claim’s description but not its +1.7° boundary. Section 3.1 (page unavailable) models a 100-pc ring at 80 km/s; it does not establish the claimed CMZ-wide density threshold, 200-pc radius, 75-pc height, or 150-km/s rotation limit. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The CMZ consists of a twisted elliptical ring of cold-dense gas with semi-major axis a=100 pc and semi-minor axis b=60 pc, extended only to Sgr B2 in the east and Sgr C in the West.
“A detailed analysis of the far-IR dust emission suggests that the CMZ consists of a twisted elliptical ring of cold-dense gas with a semi-major axis, a = 100 pc, and a semi-minor axis, b = 60 pc, and is extended only to Sgr B2 in the east and Sgr C in the West (Molinari et al. 2011).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Molinari et al. 2011
Section 3.1 describes a twisted elliptical ring of cold, dense clouds and gives its best-fit semi-axes as 100 and 60 pc. It places Sgr B2 and Sgr C at the ring’s projected longitude extrema. It does not say the entire CMZ consists only of this ring or extends only between those complexes; the Introduction describes a broader CMZ. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The total molecular mass within the CMZ is Mcmz ~3-5×10^7 M⊙, which is about 5-10% of the total molecular gas of the whole Galaxy (~6×10^8 M⊙).
“The total molecular mass within the CMZ is M cmz ∼ 3 -5 × 10 7 M ⊙ (Dahmen et al. 1998; Pierce-Price et al. 2000; Molinari et al. 2011) which is about 5 -10% of the total molecular gas of the whole Galaxy ( ∼ 6 × 10 8 M ⊙ ; Roman-Duval et al. 2016).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Molinari et al. 2011
Section 3.1 estimates the mass of the 100-pc ring, not the total molecular mass of the CMZ. The paper gives a ring mass of about 3 × 10^7 M⊙ (about 4 × 10^7 M⊙ without background subtraction) and, in the Introduction, says the CMZ contains tens of millions of solar masses of cold interstellar matter. The Galaxy-wide total and percentage are attached to a different citation in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
According to this model, Sgr A* is significantly offset toward the West from the center of the ellipse and lies closer to the front side of the ring.
“According to this model, Sgr A ∗ is significantly offset (toward the West) from the center of the ellipse and lies closer to the front side of the ring.”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Molinari et al. 2011

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NuSTARSPECTROSCOPY OF MULTI-COMPONENT X-RAY REFLECTION FROM NGC 1068
Bauer, F. E., Arévalo, P., Walton, D. J., Koss, M., Puccetti, S., Gandhi, P., Stern, D., Alexander, D. M., Baloković, M., Boggs, S. E., et al. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/812/2/116 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
The thermal state of molecular clouds in the Galactic center: evidence for non-photon-driven heating
Ao, Y., Henkel, C., Menten, K. M., Requena─Torres, M. A., Stanke, T., Mauersberger, R., Aalto, S., Mühle, S., & Mangum, J. G. (2012) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220096 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
INTERACTING COSMIC RAYS WITH MOLECULAR CLOUDS: A BREMSSTRAHLUNG ORIGIN OF DIFFUSE HIGH-ENERGY EMISSION FROM THE INNER 2°×1° OF THE GALACTIC CENTER
Yusef-Zadeh, F., Hewitt, J. W., Wardle, M., Tatischeff, V., Roberts, D. A., Cotton, W. D., Uchiyama, H., Nobukawa, M., Tsuru, T. G., Heinke, C. O., et al. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/762/1/33 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
G0.253 + 0.016: A MOLECULAR CLOUD PROGENITOR OF AN ARCHES-LIKE CLUSTER
Longmore, S., Rathborne, J., Bastian, N., Alves, J., Ascenso, J., Bally, J., Testi, L., Longmore, A., Battersby, C., Bressert, E., et al. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/746/2/117 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
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The interplay between a galactic bar and a supermassive black hole: nuclear fuelling in a subparsec resolution galaxy simulation
Emsellem, É., Renaud, F., Bournaud, F., Elmegreen, B. G., Combes, F., & Gabor, J. M. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2209 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
A dynamical model for the formation of gas rings and episodic starbursts near galactic centres
Krumholz, M. R., & Kruijssen, J. M. D. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1670 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Candidate super star cluster progenitor gas clouds possibly triggered by close passage to Sgr A*
Longmore, S. N., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Bally, J., Ott, J., Testi, L., Rathborne, J. M., Bastian, N., Bressert, E., Molinari, S., Battersby, C., et al. (2013) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slt048 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
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Cloud–cloud collisions and triggered star formation
Fukui, Y., Habe, A., Inoue, T., Enokiya, R., & Tachihara, K. (2020) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psaa103 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
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The 1.28 GHz MeerKAT Galactic Center Mosaic
Heywood, I., Rammala, I., Camilo, F., Cotton, W. D., Yusef-Zadeh, F., Abbott, T. D., Adam, R. M., Adams, G., Aldera, M. A., Asad, K. M. B., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac449a · Cited by 136 · see citing works
G0.253 + 0.016: A molecular cloud progenitor of an Arches-like cluster
Longmore, S. N., Rathborne, J. M., Bastian, N., Alves, J., Ascenso, J., Bally, J., Testi, L., Longmore, A. J., Battersby, C., Bressert, E., et al. (2012) · ResearchOnline - JCU (James Cook University) · Cited by 135 · see citing works
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The Galactic Center Molecular Cloud Survey
Kauffmann, J., Pillai, T., Zhang, Q., Menten, K. M., Goldsmith, P. F., Lu, X., & Guzmán, A. E. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628088 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
The <i>XMM–Newton</i> view of the central degrees of the Milky Way
Ponti, G., Morris, M. R., Terrier, R., Haberl, F., Sturm, R., Clavel, M., Soldi, S., Goldwurm, A., Predehl, P., Nandra, K., et al. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1331 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
A UNIFIED MODEL OF THE FERMI BUBBLES, MICROWAVE HAZE, AND POLARIZED RADIO LOBES: REVERSE SHOCKS IN THE GALACTIC CENTER’S GIANT OUTFLOWS
Crocker, R. M., Bicknell, G. V., Taylor, A. M., & Carretti, E. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/808/2/107 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
A CLUSTER IN THE MAKING: ALMA REVEALS THE INITIAL CONDITIONS FOR HIGH-MASS CLUSTER FORMATION
Rathborne, J. M., Longmore, S. N., Jackson, J. M., Alves, J., Bally, J., Bastian, N., Contreras, Y., Foster, J. B., Garay, G., Kruijssen, J. M. D., et al. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/802/2/125 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
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A dynamical model for gas flows, star formation and nuclear winds in galactic centres
Krumholz, M. R., Kruijssen, J. M. D., & Crocker, R. M. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw3195 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Simulations of the Milky Way’s central molecular zone – I. Gas dynamics
Treß, R. G., Sormani, M. C., Glover, S. C. O., Klessen, R. S., Battersby, C., Clark, P. C., Hatchfield, H. P., & Smith, R. J. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3120 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
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THE GALACTIC CENTER CLOUD G0.253+0.016: A MASSIVE DENSE CLOUD WITH LOW STAR FORMATION POTENTIAL
Kauffmann, J., Pillai, T., & Zhang, Q.-Z. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/765/2/l35 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
HERSCHELOBSERVATIONS OF EXTRAORDINARY SOURCES: ANALYSIS OF THE FULLHERSCHEL/HIFI MOLECULAR LINE SURVEY OF SAGITTARIUS B2(N)
Neill, J. L., Bergin, E. A., Lis, D. C., Schilke, P., Crockett, N. R., Favre, C., Emprechtinger, M., Comito, C., Qin, S., Anderson, D. E., et al. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/789/1/8 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
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Distributed Star Formation throughout the Galactic Center Cloud Sgr B2
Ginsburg, A., Bally, J., Barnes, A., Bastian, N., Battersby, C., Beuther, H., Brogan, C. L., Contreras, Y., Corby, J., Darling, J., et al. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaa6d4 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
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‘The Brick’ is not a brick : a comprehensive study of the structure and dynamics of the central molecular zone cloud G0.253+0.016
Henshaw, J. D., Ginsburg, A. G., Haworth, T. J., Longmore, S. N., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Mills, E. A. C., Sokolov, V., Walker, D. L., Barnes, A. T., Contreras, Y., et al. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz471 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
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Characterising the VHE diffuse emission in the central 200 parsecs of our Galaxy with H.E.S.S.
Abdalla, H., Abramowski, A., Aharonian, F., Benkhali, F. A., Akhperjanian, A. G., Andersson, T., Angüner, E. O., Arakawa, M., Arrieta, M., Aubert, P., et al. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201730824 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
The Survey of Water and Ammonia in the Galactic Center (SWAG): Molecular Cloud Evolution in the Central Molecular Zone
Krieger, N., Ott, J., Beuther, H., Walter, F., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Meier, D. S., Mills, E. A. C., Contreras, Y., Edwards, P., Ginsburg, A., et al. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa951c · Cited by 98 · see citing works
High-Energy Particles and Radiation in Star-Forming Regions
Bykov, A. M., Marcowith, A., Amato, E., Kalyashova, M. E., Kruijssen, J. M. D., & Eli Waxman, B. (2020) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-020-00663-0 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Fermi bubbles in the Milky Way: the closest AGN feedback laboratory courtesy of Sgr A*?: Fermi bubbles: Sgr A* AGN feedback?
Zubovas, K., & Nayakshin, S. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21250.x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Simulations of the Milky Way’s Central Molecular Zone – II. Star formation
Sormani, M., Tress, R., Glover, S., Klessen, R., Battersby, C., Clark, P., Hatchfield, H. P., & Smith, R. (2020) · Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1999 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
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Galaxy gas as obscurer – II. Separating the galaxy-scale and nuclear obscurers of active galactic nuclei
Büchner, J., & Bauer, F. E. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2955 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Mass inflow rate into the Central Molecular Zone: observational determination and evidence of episodic accretion
Sormani, M. C., & Barnes, A. T. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz046 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
The dynamical evolution of molecular clouds near the Galactic Centre – II. Spatial structure and kinematics of simulated clouds
Kruijssen, J., Dale, J., Longmore, S., Walker, D., Henshaw, J., Jeffreson, S., Petkova, M., Ginsburg, A., Barnes, A., Battersby, C., et al. (2019) · Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz381 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
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Dense gas in the Galactic central molecular zone is warm and heated by turbulence
Ginsburg, A. G., Henkel, C., Ao, Y., Riquelme, D., Kauffmann, J., Pillai, T., Mills, E. A. C., Requena-Torres, M. A., Immer, K., Testi, L., et al. (2016) · Liverpool John Moores University · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526100/pdf · Cited by 91 · see citing works
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DETECTION OF WIDESPREAD HOT AMMONIA IN THE GALACTIC CENTER
Mills, E. A. C., & Morris, M. R. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/772/2/105 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Non-thermal insights on mass and energy flows through the Galactic Centre and into the Fermi bubbles: GC mass and energy flows
Crocker, R. M. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21149.x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The life cycle of the Central Molecular Zone – I. Inflow, star formation, and winds
Armillotta, L., Krumholz, M. R., Di Teodoro, E. M., & McClure-Griffiths, N. M. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2880 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-consistent modelling of the Milky Way’s nuclear stellar disc
Sormani, M. C., Sanders, J. L., Fritz, T. K., Smith, L. C., Gerhard, O., Schödel, R., Magorrian, J., Neumayer, N., Nogueras-Lara, F., Feldmeier-Krause, A., et al. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac639 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The Central 300 pc of the Galaxy Probed by Infrared Spectra of and CO. I. Predominance of Warm and Diffuse Gas and High H 2 Ionization Rate
Oka, T., Geballe, T. R., Goto, M., Usuda, T., Benjamin, J. M., & Indriolo, N. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab3647 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Distributed Star Formation throughout the Galactic Center Cloud Sgr B2
Ginsburg, A., Bally, J., Barnes, A., Bastian, N., Battersby, C., Beuther, H., Brogan, C. L., Contreras, Y., Corby, J., Darling, J., et al. (2018) · Kölner Universitäts PublikationsServer (Universität zu Köln) · Cited by 84 · see citing works
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From Diffuse Gas to Dense Molecular Cloud Cores
Ballesteros-Paredes, J., André, P., Hennebelle, P., Klessen, R., Inutsuka, S., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Chevance, M., Nakamura, F., Adamo, A., & Vázquez-Semadeni, E. (2020) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-020-00698-3 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Blowing in the Milky Way Wind: Neutral Hydrogen Clouds Tracing the Galactic Nuclear Outflow
Di Teodoro, E. M., McClure-Griffiths, N. M., Lockman, F. J., Denbo, S. R., Endsley, R., Ford, H. A., & Harrington, K. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaad6a · Cited by 79 · see citing works
GAS DYNAMICS IN THE MILKY WAY: A LOW PATTERN SPEED MODEL
Li, Z., Gerhard, O., Shen, J., Portail, M., & Wegg, C. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/824/1/13 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
A general theory for the lifetimes of giant molecular clouds under the influence of galactic dynamics
Jeffreson, S., & Kruijssen, J. M. D. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty594 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
G0.253+0.016: A CENTRALLY CONDENSED, HIGH-MASS PROTOCLUSTER
Rathborne, J. M., Longmore, S. N., Jackson, J. M., Foster, J. B., Contreras, Y., Garay, G., Testi, L., Alves, J. F., Bally, J., Bastian, N., et al. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/786/2/140 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
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Traces of Past Activity in the Galactic Centre
Ponti, G., Morris, M. R., Terrier, R., & Goldwurm, A. (2013) · Astrophysics and space science proceedings · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-35410-6_26 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
THE EXCITATION OF HCN AND HCO+ IN THE GALACTIC CENTER CIRCUMNUCLEAR DISK
Mills, E., Güsten, R., Requena-Torres, M., & Morris, M. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/779/1/47 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Nonthermal X-rays from low-energy cosmic rays: Application to the 6.4 keV line emission from the Arches cluster region
Tatischeff, V., Decourchelle, A., & Maurin, G. (2012) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219016 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The Survey of Water and Ammonia in the Galactic Center (SWAG): Molecular Cloud Evolution in the Central Molecular Zone
Krieger, N., Ott, J., Beuther, H., Walter, F., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Meier, D. S., Mills, E. A. C., Contreras, Y., Edwards, P., Ginsburg, A. G., et al. (2017) · Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Free motion around black holes with discs or rings: between integrability and chaos - II
Semerák, O., & Suková, P. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21630.x · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Fermi Bubbles in the Milky Way: the closest AGN feedback laboratory courtesy of Sgr A∗?Preprint
Zubovas, K., & Nayakshin, S. (2014) · Cited by 73 · see citing works
THE GALACTIC CENTER IN THE FAR-INFRARED
Etxaluze, M., Smith, H. A., Tolls, V., Stark, A. A., & González-Alfonso, E. (2011) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/142/4/134 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
New constraints on the structure of the nuclear stellar cluster of the Milky Way from star counts and MIR imaging
Gallego-Cano, E., Schödel, R., Nogueras-Lara, F., Dong, H., Shahzamanian, B., Fritz, T. K., Gallego-Calvente, A. T., & Neumayer, N. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935303 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
ATOMIC HYDROGEN IN A GALACTIC CENTER OUTFLOW
McClure-Griffiths, N. M., Green, J. A., Hill, A. S., Lockman, F. J., Dickey, J. M., Gaensler, B. M., & Green, A. J. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/770/1/l4 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Ubiquitous velocity fluctuations throughout the molecular interstellar medium
Henshaw, J. D., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Longmore, S. N., Riener, M., Leroy, A. K., Rosolowsky, E., Ginsburg, A., Battersby, C., Chevance, M., Meidt, S. E., et al. (2020) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-020-1126-z · Cited by 70 · see citing works
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The Fermi bubbles as starburst wind termination shocks
Lacki, B. C. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slu107 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Herschelobservations of the Sagittarius B2 cores: Hydrides, warm CO, and cold dust
Etxaluze, M., Goicoechea, J. R., Cernicharo, J., Polehampton, E. T., Noriega‐Crespo, A., Molinari, S., Swinyard, B. M., Wu, R., & Bally, J. (2013) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321258 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
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WIDESPREAD METHANOL EMISSION FROM THE GALACTIC CENTER: THE ROLE OF COSMIC RAYS
Yusef-Zadeh, F., Cotton, W. D., Viti, S., Wardle, M., & Royster, M. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/764/2/l19 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Revealing the intermediate-mass black hole at the heart of the dwarf galaxy NGC 404 with sub-parsec resolution ALMA observations
Davis, T. A., Nguyen, D. D., Seth, A. C., Greene, J. E., Nyland, K., Barth, A. J., Bureau, M., Cappellari, M., den Brok, M., Iguchi, S., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1567 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Multiwavelength features of Fermi bubbles as signatures of a Galactic wind
Sarkar, K. C., Nath, B., & Sharma, P. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1806 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Which feedback mechanisms dominate in the high-pressure environment of the central molecular zone?
Barnes, A. T., Longmore, S. N., Dale, J. E., Krumholz, M. R., Kruijssen, J. M. D., & Bigiel, F. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2719 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The dynamics and star-forming potential of the massive Galactic centre cloud G0.253+0.016
Johnston, K. G., Beuther, H., Linz, H., Schmiedeke, A., Ragan, S. E., & Henning, T. K. (2014) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423943 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Gas Dynamics in the Galaxy: Total Mass Distribution and the Bar Pattern Speed
Li, Z., Shen, J., Gerhard, O., & Clarke, J. P. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac3823 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Tracing the conversion of gas into stars in Young Massive Cluster Progenitors
Walker, D. L., Longmore, S. N., Bastian, N., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Rathborne, J. M., Jackson, J. M., Foster, J. B., & Contreras, Y. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv300 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
A multi-wavelength view of the Galactic center dust ridge reveals little star formation
Immer, K., Menten, K. M., Schüller, F., & Lis, D. C. (2012) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219182 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Star Clusters in Evolving Galaxies
Renaud, F. (2018) · New Astronomy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.newar.2018.03.001 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
ASTE CO J = 3-2 SURVEY OF THE GALACTIC CENTER
Oka, T., Onodera, Y., Nagai, M., Tanaka, K., Matsumura, S., & Kamegai, K. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/201/2/14 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Nuclear spirals in the inner Milky Way
Ridley, M., Sormani, M. C., Treß, R. G., Magorrian, J., & Klessen, R. S. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx944 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The Dense Gas Fraction in Galactic Center Clouds
Mills, E. A. C., Ginsburg, A., Immer, K., Barnes, J. M., Wiesenfeld, L., Faure, A., Morris, M. R., & Requena-Torres, M. A. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aae581 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
KINEMATIC DETECTION OF THE GALACTIC NUCLEAR DISK
Schönrich, R. A., Aumer, M., & Sale, S. E. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/812/2/l21 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Three-dimensional interstellar extinction map toward the Galactic bulge
Chen, B., Schultheis, M., Jiang, B., González, O. A., Robin, A. C., Rejkuba, M., & Minniti, D. (2012) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219682 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Cold gas in the Milky Way’s nuclear wind
Di Teodoro, E. M., McClure-Griffiths, N. M., Lockman, F. J., & Armillotta, L. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2595-z · Cited by 61 · see citing works
CMZoom: Survey Overview and First Data Release
Battersby, C., Keto, E., Walker, D. L., Barnes, A. T., Callanan, D., Ginsburg, A. G., Hatchfield, H. P., Henshaw, J. D., Kauffmann, J., Kruijssen, J. M. D., et al. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aba18e · Cited by 59 · see citing works
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CORE AND FILAMENT FORMATION IN MAGNETIZED, SELF-GRAVITATING ISOTHERMAL LAYERS
Loo, S. V., Keto, E., & Zhang, Q. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/789/1/37 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
The geometry of the gas surrounding the Central Molecular Zone: on the origin of localized molecular clouds with extreme velocity dispersions
Sormani, M. C., Treß, R. G., Glover, S. C. O., Klessen, R. S., Barnes, A. T., Battersby, C., Clark, P. C., Hatchfield, H. P., & Smith, R. J. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2054 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
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Star Formation Rates of Massive Molecular Clouds in the Central Molecular Zone
吕, X. 行. L., Zhang, Q., Kauffmann, J., Pillai, T., Ginsburg, A., Mills, E. A. C., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Longmore, S. N., Battersby, C., Liu, H. B., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab017d · Cited by 58 · see citing works
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HARD X-RAY MORPHOLOGICAL AND SPECTRAL STUDIES OF THE GALACTIC CENTER MOLECULAR CLOUD SGR B2: CONSTRAINING PAST SGR A⋆ FLARING ACTIVITY
Zhang, S., Hailey, C., Mori, K., Clavel, M., Terrier, R., Ponti, G., Goldwurm, A., Bauer, F., Boggs, S., Christensen, F., et al. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/815/2/132 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF THE POSSIBLE ORIGIN OF THE TWO SUB-PARSEC SCALE AND COUNTERROTATING STELLAR DISKS AROUND SgrA*
Alig, C., Schartmann, M., Burkert, A. M., & Dolag, K. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/771/2/119 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
G0.253+0.016: A Centrally Condensed, High-mass Protocluster
Rathborne, J. M., Longmore, S. N., Jackson, J. M., Foster, J. B., Contreras, Y., Garay, G., Testi, L., Alves, J., Bally, J., Bastian, N., et al. (2014) · Americanae (AECID Library) · Cited by 55 · see citing works
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A multi-wavelength view of the Galactic center dust ridge reveals little star formation
Immer, K., Menten, K. M., Schüller, F., & Lis, D. C. (2012) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219182/pdf · Cited by 54 · see citing works
ATCA SURVEY OF AMMONIA IN THE GALACTIC CENTER: THE TEMPERATURES OF DENSE GAS CLUMPS BETWEEN Sgr A* AND Sgr B2
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ABUNDANT CH3OH MASERS BUT NO NEW EVIDENCE FOR STAR FORMATION IN GCM0.253+0.016
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Preprint typeset using LATEX style emulateapj v. 11/10/09 A 100-PARSEC ELLIPTICAL AND TWISTED RING OF COLD AND DENSE MOLECULAR CLOUDS REVEALED BY
(2011)
Rotating molecular ring at the Galactic Center
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SOFIA/FORCAST IMAGING OF THE CIRCUMNUCLEAR RING AT THE GALACTIC CENTER
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Kinematics of Molecular Clouds Near the Galactic Center
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Authors: Molinari, S., Bally, J., Noriega-Crespo, A., Compiègne, M., Bernard, J. P., Paradis, D., Martin, P., Testi, L., Barlow, M., Moore, T., Plume, R., Swinyard, B., Zavagno, A., Calzoletti, L., Di Giorgio, A. M., Elia, D., Faustini, F., Natoli, P., Pestalozzi, M., Pezzuto, S., Piacentini, F., Polenta, G., Polychroni, D., Schisano, E., Traficante, A., Veneziani, M., Battersby, C., Burton, M., Carey, S., Fukui, Y., Li, J. Z., Lord, S. D., Morgan, L., Motte, F., Schuller, F., Stringfellow, G. S., Tan, J. C., Thompson, M. A., Ward-Thompson, D., White, G., & Umana, G.
Affiliations: National Institute for Astrophysics (IT)
University of Colorado Boulder (US)
California Institute of Technology (US)
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
University of Toronto (CA)
European Southern Observatory (DE)
University College London (GB)
Liverpool John Moores University (GB)
University of Calgary (CA)
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (GB)
Aix-Marseille Université (FR)
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (IT)
University of Ferrara (IT)
Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
UNSW Sydney (AU)
Nagoya University (JP)
Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
University of Florida (US)
University of Hertfordshire (GB)
Cardiff University (GB)
Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania (IT)
ORCID: Molinari, S.
Bally, J.
Bernard, J. P.
Paradis, D.
Martin, P.
Testi, L.
Barlow, M.
Plume, R.
Zavagno, A.
Elia, D.
Faustini, F.
Natoli, P.
Pezzuto, S.
Piacentini, F.
Polenta, G.
Polychroni, D.
Schisano, E.
Traficante, A.
Battersby, C.
Burton, M.
Carey, S.
Fukui, Y.
Morgan, L.
Motte, F.
Stringfellow, G. S.
Tan, J. C.
Thompson, M. A.
Ward-Thompson, D.
White, G.
Umana, G.
Venue: The Astrophysical Journal
Publisher: American Astronomical Society
Published: 2011-06-21
Volume: 735
Issue: 2
Pages: L33
ISSN: 2041-8205 (ISSN-L)
2041-8213
DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/735/2/l33
OpenAlex: W2065733335
Cited by: 357
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 14.76
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: The Astrophysical Journal Letters (publishedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire) (submittedVersion)
CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
HAL (submittedVersion)
Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Science and Technology Facilities Council (submittedVersion)
Institutional Research Information System University of Ferrara (University of Ferrara) (submittedVersion)
IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
Open Research Online (The Open University) (submittedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/G002533/1, ST/H002391/1, ST/G001847/1, ST/G002622/1, ST/G002827/1, PP/D000963/1, PP/E001149/1)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (21253003)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
Keywords: Galactic Center, cold molecular clouds, dense molecular clouds, elliptical ring, Central Molecular Zone, Sgr A*, galactic bars

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A 100 pc ELLIPTICAL AND TWISTED RING OF COLD AND DENSE MOLECULAR CLOUDS REVEALED BY HERSCHEL AROUND THE GALACTIC CENTER

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