The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Landscape and variation of RNA secondary structure across the human transcriptome
Open accessAbstract
In parallel to the genetic code for protein synthesis, a second layer of information is embedded in all RNA transcripts in the form of RNA structure. RNA structure influences practically every step in the gene expression program. However, the nature of most RNA structures or effects of sequence variation on structure are not known. Here we report the initial landscape and variation of RNA secondary structures (RSSs) in a human family trio (mother, father and their child). This provides a comprehensive RSS map of human coding and non-coding RNAs. We identify unique RSS signatures that demarcate open reading frames and splicing junctions, and define authentic microRNA-binding sites. Comparison of native deproteinized RNA isolated from cells versus refolded purified RNA suggests that the majority of the RSS information is encoded within RNA sequence. Over 1,900 transcribed single nucleotide variants (approximately 15% of all transcribed single nucleotide variants) alter local RNA structure. We discover simple sequence and spacing rules that determine the ability of point mutations to impact RSSs. Selective depletion of 'riboSNitches' versus structurally synonymous variants at precise locations suggests selection for specific RNA shapes at thousands of sites, including 3' untranslated regions, binding sites of microRNAs and RNA-binding proteins genome-wide. These results highlight the potentially broad contribution of RNA structure and its variation to gene regulation.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Some studies have shown that protein expression level drops if the 5′-end leader region has more secondary structure5,50–53.”
From Algorithm for optimized mRNA design improves stability and immunogenicity (2023) · cites this paper as [51]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2
Langmead, B., & Salzberg, S. L. (2012) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.1923 · Cited by 56,400
Ultrafast and memory-efficient alignment of short DNA sequences to the human genome.
Langmead, B., Trapnell, C., Pop, M., & Salzberg, S. L. (2009) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-3-r25 · Cited by 21,849
MicroRNAs: Target Recognition and Regulatory Functions
Bartel, D. P. (2009) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.002 · Cited by 20,068
Lewis, B. P., Burge, C. B., & Bartel, D. P. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.12.035 · Cited by 11,855
The International HapMap Project
†The International HapMap Consortium, Genotyping centres: Baylor College of Medicine and ParAllele BioScience, Gibbs, R. A., Belmont, J. W., Hardenbol, P., Willis, T. D., Yu, F., Chinese HapMap Consortium, Yang, H., Ch'ang, L.-Y., et al. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02168 · Cited by 6,057
Self-citationMicroRNA Targeting Specificity in Mammals: Determinants beyond Seed Pairing
Grimson, A., Farh, K. K.-H., Johnston, W. K., Garrett-Engele, P., Lim, L. P., & Bartel, D. P. (2007) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2007.06.017 · Cited by 3,766
Argonaute HITS-CLIP decodes microRNA–mRNA interaction maps
Chi, S. W., Zang, J. B., Mele, A., & Darnell, R. B. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08170 · Cited by 1,791
Analysis and design of RNA sequencing experiments for identifying isoform regulation
Katz, Y., Wang, E. T., Airoldi, E. M., & Burge, C. B. (2010) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.1528 · Cited by 1,353
iCLIP reveals the function of hnRNP particles in splicing at individual nucleotide resolution
König, J., Zarnack, K., Rot, G., Curk, T., Kayikci, M., Zupan, B., Turner, D. J., Luscombe, N. M., & Ule, J. (2010) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsmb.1838 · Cited by 1,126
The Evolutionary Landscape of Alternative Splicing in Vertebrate Species
Barbosa-Morais, N. L., Irimia, M., Pan, Q., Xiong, H. Y., Gueroussov, S., Lee, L. J., Slobodeniuc, V., Kutter, C., Watt, S., Çolak, R., et al. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1230612 · Cited by 1,063
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–570 of 570
Munschauer, M. (2015) · Springer theses · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16253-9_1
Munschauer, M. (2015) · Springer theses · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16253-9_5
Voß, B. (2018) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.725693366.793552604
(2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-78548-265-6.50011-3
Berman, A. J. (2019) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.734562901.793559210
Silverman, S. K. (2018) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.734261663.793552284
Parulekar-Martins, R. (2022) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/ey63f
DNA/RNA structure and processing in vitro and in cells: from probing to prediction
Korsakova, A. (2022) · DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) · doi:10.32657/10356/164272
Immune-induced remodelling of mRNA structurome regulates uORF-mediated translationPreprint
Xiang, Y., Chen, T., Irving, P. S., Weeks, K. M., & Dong, X. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.05.09.540021
In-Silico Investigation of SNP rs9637231 effect on LINC02892 lncRNA secondary structurePreprint
Hashemi, S. H. M., & Khayami, R. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3102259/v1
Hashemi, S. R., Matin, M., Avan, A., Farrokhi, S., Rigi, F., Khayami, R., Azghandi, M., Esmaeilnia, M., & Kerachian, M. (2023) · Human Gene · doi:10.1016/j.humgen.2023.201226
Genome-wide RNA structural determination in Candida yeast pathogensPreprint
Chorostecki, U., Saus, E., & Gabaldón, T. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.12.27.573417
Liu, Z., Liu, Q., Yang, X., Zhang, Y., Norris, M. G. S., Chen, X., Cheema, J., Zhang, H., & Ding, Y. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13520820
Liu, Z., Liu, Q., Yang, X., Zhang, Y., Norris, M. G. S., Chen, X., Cheema, J., Zhang, H., & Ding, Y. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13520838
Liu, Z., Liu, Q., Yang, X., Zhang, Y., Norris, M. G. S., Chen, X., Cheema, J., Zhang, H., & Ding, Y. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13520835
Liu, Z., Liu, Q., Yang, X., Zhang, Y., Norris, M. G. S., Chen, X., Cheema, J., Zhang, H., & Ding, Y. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13520832
Liu, Z., Liu, Q., Yang, X., Zhang, Y., Norris, M. G. S., Chen, X., Cheema, J., Zhang, H., & Ding, Y. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13520823
Liu, Z., Liu, Q., Yang, X., Zhang, Y., Norris, M. G. S., Chen, X., Cheema, J., Zhang, H., & Ding, Y. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13520841
Yang, X., Yu, H., Sun, W., Ding, L., Ji, L., Cheema, J., Ramírez-González, R. H., Zhao, X., Martín, A. C., Lü, F., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17104012
Yang, X., Yu, H., Sun, W., Ding, L., Ji, L., Cheema, J., Ramírez-González, R. H., Zhao, X., Martín, A. C., Lü, F., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17104000
Liu, Z., Liu, Q., Yang, X., Zhang, Y., Norris, M. G. S., Chen, X., Cheema, J., Zhang, H., & Ding, Y. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13520826
Liu, Z., Liu, Q., Yang, X., Zhang, Y., Norris, M. G. S., Chen, X., Cheema, J., Zhang, H., & Ding, Y. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13520829
Yang, X., Yu, H., Sun, W., Ding, L., Li, J., Cheema, J., Ramírez-González, R. H., Zhao, X., Martín, A. C., Lu, F., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17104009
Yang, X., Yu, H., Sun, W., Ding, L., Li, J., Cheema, J., Ramírez-González, R. H., Zhao, X., Martín, A. C., Lu, F., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17104006
Yang, X., Yu, H., Sun, W., Ding, L., Ji, L., Cheema, J., Ramírez-González, R. H., Zhao, X., Martín, A. C., Lü, F., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17104003
Hu, X., Cao, P., Wang, F., Wang, T., Duan, J., Chen, X., Ma, X., Yang, Z., Chen, J., Liu, H., et al. (2024) · Leukemia Research · doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2024.107499
Peningkatan Kemampuan Membaca Anak di KB Amanah Melalui Media PowerPoint Interaktif
Rahmawati, S. M. A., & Destiana, E. (2024) · Journal of Technology and System Information · doi:10.47134/jtsi.v1i2.2495 · Cited by 1
RNA ensembles from in vitro to in vivo: Toward predictive models of RNA cellular function
Li, C. Y., Sandhu, S., & Ken, M. L. (2024) · Current Opinion in Structural Biology · doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2024.102915 · Cited by 1
Zhu, T., Chu, Y., Niu, G., Pan, R., Chen, M., Cheng, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhao, L., Jiang, S., Hao, L., et al. (2024) · Bioinformatics Advances · doi:10.1093/bioadv/vbaf012
Iwakiri, J., & Asai, K. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95502-7.00324-9
Genome-Wide Probing of RNA Structure
Huo, X., Ng, J., Tan, M., & Tucker‐Kellogg, G. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95502-7.00303-1
Kirven, K. J., Bevilacqua, P. C., & Assmann, S. M. (2025) · NAR Genomics and Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/nargab/lqaf066
Tompkins, V. S., Rouse, W. B., Wang, J., Woodman, M. E., Dow, E. R., Jessop, T. C., & Moss, W. N. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.06.18.660452
Wang, L., Zhou, Y., Yu, Z., Wu, P., Lu, Z., & Ma, L. (2025) · Cell Reports Methods · doi:10.1016/j.crmeth.2025.101087
Integrating Mutation and Stop Signals for Improved RNA Structure Analysis and Insight DiscoveryPreprint
Zhou, T., Zhao, R., Yin, S., Hong, Y., Wang, J., Liu, X., Chen, Q., Wang, Y., Liu, C., & Sun, L. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.08.681285
Lee, W. H., Zhang, M., & Lu, Z. (2025) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-4670-0_3
Pradhan, R., Sakib, M. S., Kaurani, L., Krüger, D. M., Centeno, T. P., Burkhardt, S., Schütz, A., Kronenberg‐Versteeg, D., Delalle, I., Sananbenesi, F., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.685723
RNA structure analyzed by chemical probing and mutational profiling with sequencing (MaPseq)
Edelson, E., Forino, N. M., & Stone, M. D. (2025) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2025.10.008
Integrated analysis of post-transcriptional regulations reveals insights into acute myeloid leukemia
Khadra, E., Iqbal, Z., Gall, M. L., Clary, G., Levavasseur, F., Tuerdi, Z., Dussiau, C., Rombaut, D., Templé, M., Friedrich, C., et al. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-09156-8
Putting the Pieces Together: Exons and piRNAs: A Dissertation
Roy, C. K. (2014) · The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Network (American Medical Association) · doi:10.13028/m2x60k
Marangio, P., Law, K. Y. T., Sanguinetti, G., & Granneman, S. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14691880
Liu, Z., Liu, Q., Yang, X., Zhang, Y., Norris, M. G. S., Chen, X., Cheema, J., Zhang, H., & Ding, Y. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13520817
Yang, X., Yu, H., Sun, W., Ding, L., Li, J., Cheema, J., Ramirez-Gonzalez, R., Zhao, X., Martín, A. C., Lü, F., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17104015
Liu, Z., Liu, Q., Yang, X., Zhang, Y., Norris, M. G. S., Chen, X., Cheema, J., Zhang, H., & Ding, Y. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13520814
Yang, X., Yu, H., Sun, W., Ding, L., Li, J., Cheema, J., Ramirez-Gonzalez, R., Zhao, X., Martín, A. C., Lü, F., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17103997
Xu, Q., Bao, X., Lin, Z., Tang, L., He, L.-N., Ren, J., Zuo, Z., & Hu, K. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25329727
Marangio, P., Law, K. Y. T., Sanguinetti, G., & Granneman, S. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14691883
Shaw, D., Chen, H., Xie, M., & Jiang, T. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13605584
Xu, Q., Bao, X., Lin, Z., Tang, L., He, L.-N., Ren, J., Zuo, Z., & Hu, K. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25329814
Kharsyiemiong, E. T., Raghunandan, B. H., & Mishra, S. (2026) · Computational Biology and Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2026.108878
A structured RNA balances DEAD-box RNA helicase function in plant alternative splicing controlPreprint
Burgardt, R., Bauer, J., Reinhardt, M., Rupp, N., Engel, C., Hellmann, S. L., Sack, M., Zasha Weinberg, A., & Wachter, A. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.01.23.701338
Tian, W., Hu, S., Dong, S.-S., Wang, C., Zhang, J., Jiang, F., Yang, Z., Yang, T., & Guo, Y. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-70419-x
Self-citationThe ACC synthase (ACS): a key regulator of flower sex and inferior ovary formation in cucurbits
Xin, T., Dong, Z., & Yang, X. (2026) · Plant Hormones · doi:10.48130/ph-0026-0003
Structural rearrangements of the HIV-1 genomic RNA during maturation of the viral particle
Mailler, É. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/6ce04440z0ddfz4ad2zbbdbzf94bec9b3db0
Evolution of the human & mouse X-chromosome inactivation regulatory network
Rosspopoff, O. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/969f9a3cz607bz4b1fzb38fzfb3fd338b65d
Regulation of alternative splicing and polyadenylation by genotoxic anti-cancer agents
Tanaka, I. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/8177333az76a6z4204z808az958753142caf
Deep learning methods for long RNA secondary structure prediction
Omnes, L. (2025) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/9694695ez729fz4193z8f2fzd5f35a61f7cd
Feng, T., Su, Y., Zhou, C., Zhang, X., Liu, J. Y., Zhang, W., He, J., & Huang, X. (2026) · Pediatric Surgery International · doi:10.1007/s00383-026-06426-2
LEE, S., Choi, A., Jung, M., Nie, H., Ko, S. R. A., Kim, N., Kwon, S., & Shin, A.-Y. (2026) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/erag187
Loreto, A., Ugalde, E., & Espinosa‐Soto, C. (2026) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2026.0102
Association of KRTAP24-1 Gene Polymorphisms with Wool Traits in Tibetan Sheep (Ovis aries)
Zhao, H., Ma, S., Sun, W., Lu, Y., & Jin, X. (2026) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani16132111
Efficiency of RNAi ‐based gene silencing in fungi: a meta‐analysis
Barth, P., Drumm, J., Schmidt, A. E., Hartig, F., & Koch, A. (2026) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.71552
The RNA structural code: orchestrating gene expression and enabling precision therapies
Fang, N.-N., & Zhu, Q.-B. (2026) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1038/s41401-026-01925-3
Sarni, S. H., Choi, E., Lai, L. B., Jia, M., Jones, B. J., Stiving, A. Q., Russell, D., Gopalan, V., & Wysocki, V. H. (2026) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2026.346322
Toward a lab-in-the-loop AI platform for RNA therapeutics
Li, G., & Li, B. (2026) · Cambridge Materials Health · doi:10.1017/s2978170126000038
FAIRsharing record for: NONCODE
FAIRsharing Team (2015) · FAIRsharing.org · doi:10.25504/fairsharing.hmb1f4
Metadata
- Authors
- Wan, Y., Qu, K., Zhang, Q. C., Flynn, R. A., Manor, O., Ouyang, Z., Zhang, J., Spitale, R. C., Snyder, M. P., Segal, E., & Chang, H. Y.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Weizmann Institute of Science (IL)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wan, Yue
- Chang, Howard Y.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2014-01-29
- Volume
- 505
- Issue
- 7485
- Pages
- 706-709
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC3973747
- OpenAlex
- W2071717527
- Cited by
- 555
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 71 · 2014: 39
- FWCI
- 28.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- The Mouseion at the JAXlibrary (Jackson Laboratory) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Human Genome Research Institute (R01HG004361)
- National Cancer Institute (T32CA009302, P30CA034196)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Research and Splicing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA regulation and disease
- Keywords
- RNA secondary structure, human transcriptome, single nucleotide variants, RNA structure prediction, gene expression regulation, single-stranded RNA, Arabidopsis thaliana, yeast, non-coding RNA, splice sites, polyadenylation
- MeSH terms
- Base Sequence, Binding Sites, Child, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Male, Nucleic Acid Conformation, RNA, Genome, Human, Open Reading Frames, RNA-Binding Proteins, Point Mutation, 3' Untranslated Regions, RNA Splice Sites, MicroRNAs, Transcriptome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review