The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 63 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Revised stratigraphy and chronology for Homo floresiensis at Liang Bua in Indonesia
Open accessAbstract
Homo floresiensis, a primitive hominin species discovered in Late Pleistocene sediments at Liang Bua (Flores, Indonesia), has generated wide interest and scientific debate. A major reason this taxon is controversial is because the H. floresiensis-bearing deposits, which include associated stone artefacts and remains of other extinct endemic fauna, were dated to between about 95 and 12 thousand calendar years (kyr) ago. These ages suggested that H. floresiensis survived until long after modern humans reached Australia by ~50 kyr ago. Here we report new stratigraphic and chronological evidence from Liang Bua that does not support the ages inferred previously for the H. floresiensis holotype (LB1), ~18 thousand calibrated radiocarbon years before present (kyr cal. BP), or the time of last appearance of this species (about 17 or 13-11 kyr cal. BP). Instead, the skeletal remains of H. floresiensis and the deposits containing them are dated to between about 100 and 60 kyr ago, whereas stone artefacts attributable to this species range from about 190 to 50 kyr in age. Whether H. floresiensis survived after 50 kyr ago--potentially encountering modern humans on Flores or other hominins dispersing through southeast Asia, such as Denisovans--is an open question.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
User's Manual for Isoplot 3.00 - A Geochronological Toolkit for Microsoft Excel
Ludwig, K. R. (2003) · Cited by 7,734
Prescott, J. R., & Hutton, J. T. (1994) · Radiation Measurements · doi:10.1016/1350-4487(94)90086-8 · Cited by 3,626
Galbraith, R. F., Roberts, R. G., Laslett, G. M., YOSHIDA, H., & Olley, J. M. (1999) · Archaeometry · doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1999.tb00987.x · Cited by 2,495
Self-citationGenetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia
Reich, D., Green, R. E., Kircher, M., Krause, J., Patterson, N., Durand, E. Y., Viola, B., Briggs, A. W., Stenzel, U., Johnson, P. L. F., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09710 · Cited by 1,991
An Introduction to Optical Dating
AITKEN, M. J. (1998) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198540922.001.0001 · Cited by 1,936
SHCal13 Southern Hemisphere Calibration, 0–50,000 Years cal BP
Hogg, A. G., Hua, Q., Blackwell, P. G., Niu, M., Buck, C. E., Guilderson, T. P., Heaton, T., Palmer, J., Reimer, P. J., Reimer, R., et al. (2013) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16783 · Cited by 1,876
A redetermination of the isotopic abundances of atmospheric Ar
Lee, J.-Y., Marti, K., Severinghaus, J. P., Kawamura, K., Yoo, H., Lee, J., & Kim, J. S. (2006) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.1563 · Cited by 1,348
The half-lives of uranium-234 and thorium-230
Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Hoff, J. A., Gallup, C. D., Richards, D. A., & Asmerom, Y. (2000) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/s0009-2541(99)00157-6 · Cited by 1,239
Huntley, D. J., & Lamothe, M. (2001) · Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences · doi:10.1139/e01-013 · Cited by 1,155
Jochum, K. P., Stoll, B., Herwig, K., Willbold, M., Hofmann, A. W., Amini, M., Aarburg, S., Abouchami, W., Hellebrand, E. W. G., Mocek, B., et al. (2006) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2005gc001060 · Cited by 1,118
A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia.
Brown, P., Sutikna, T., Morwood, M. J., Soejono, R. P., Jatmiko, Wayhu Saptomo, E., & Awe Due, R. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02999 · Cited by 1,075
Self-citationBrock, F., Higham, T., Ditchfield, P. W., & Ramsey, C. B. (2010) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.1017/s0033822200045069 · Cited by 931
Measurement of anomalous fading for feldspar IRSL using SAR
Auclair, M., Lamothe, M., & Huot, S. (2003) · Radiation Measurements · doi:10.1016/s1350-4487(03)00018-0 · Cited by 752
Galbraith, R. F., & Roberts, R. G. (2012) · Quaternary Geochronology · doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2012.04.020 · Cited by 730
Self-citationDenisova Admixture and the First Modern Human Dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania
Reich, D., Patterson, N., Kircher, M., Delfin, F., Nandineni, M. R., Pugach, I., Ko, A. M.-S., Ko, Y.-C., Jinam, T. A., Phipps, M. E., et al. (2011) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.005 · Cited by 656
Thiel, C., Buylaert, J., Murray, A. S., Terhorst, B., Hofer, I., Tsukamoto, S., & Frechen, M. (2010) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.05.018 · Cited by 650
Developments in radiation, stimulation and observation facilities in luminescence measurements
Bøtter-Jensen, L., Andersen, C. E., Duller, G. A. T., & Murray, A. S. (2003) · Radiation Measurements · doi:10.1016/s1350-4487(03)00020-9 · Cited by 613
Archaeology and age of a new hominin from Flores in eastern Indonesia
Morwood, M. J., Soejono, R. P., Roberts, R. G., Sutikna, T., TURNEY, C. S. M., Westaway, K., Rink, W. J., Zhao, J., van den Bergh, G. D., Due, R. A., et al. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02956 · Cited by 597
Self-citationNew ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia
Bowler, J. M., Johnston, H., Olley, J. M., Prescott, J. R., Roberts, R. G., Shawcross, W., & Spooner, N. A. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01383 · Cited by 561
Self-citationFurther evidence for small-bodied hominins from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia
Morwood, M. J., Brown, P., Jatmiko, J., Sutikna, T., Saptomo, E. W., Westaway, K., Due, R. A., Roberts, R. G., Maeda, T., Wasisto, S., et al. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04022 · Cited by 384
Self-citationLuminescence dating of K-feldspar from sediments: A protocol without anomalous fading correction
Li, B., & Li, S. (2011) · Quaternary Geochronology · doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2011.05.001 · Cited by 363
Self-citationThermoluminescence dating of a 50,000-year-old human occupation site in northern Australia
Roberts, R. G., Jones, R., & Smith, M. A. (1990) · Nature · doi:10.1038/345153a0 · Cited by 328
Self-citationRadiocarbon Dating of “Old” Charcoal Using a Wet Oxidation, Stepped-Combustion Procedure
Bird, M. I., Ayliffe, L. K., Fifield, L. K., Turney, C. S. M., Cresswell, R. G., Barrows, T. T., & David, B. (1999) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.1017/s0033822200019482 · Cited by 315
Eggins, S. M., Grün, R., McCulloch, M. T., Pike, A. W. G., Chappell, J., Kinsley, L., Mortimer, G. E., Shelley, M., Murray‐Wallace, C. V., Spötl, C., et al. (2005) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.07.006 · Cited by 305
Self-citationThe Brain of LB1, Homo floresiensis
Falk, D., Hildebolt, C. F., Smith, K., Morwood, M. J., Sutikna, T., Brown, P., Jatmiko, J., Saptomo, E. W., Brunsden, B. S., & Prior, F. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1109727 · Cited by 279
Self-citationNew evidence for a 67,000-year-old human presence at Callao Cave, Luzon, Philippines
Mijares, A. S. B., Détroit, F., Piper, P. J., Grün, R., Bellwood, P. S., Aubert, M., Champion, G., Cuevas, N. T., Leon, A. S. D., & Dizon, E. (2010) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.04.008 · Cited by 251
Self-citationThe Primitive Wrist of Homo floresiensis and Its Implications for Hominin Evolution
Tocheri, M. W., Orr, C. M., Larson, S. G., Sutikna, T., Jatmiko, J., Saptomo, E. W., Due, R. A., Djubiantono, T., Morwood, M. J., & Jungers, W. L. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1147143 · Cited by 209
Self-citationThe Rb contents of the K-feldspar grains being measured in optical dating
Huntley, D. J., & Hancock, R. G. V. (2001) · Ancient TL · doi:10.26034/la.atl.2001.333 · Cited by 195
Jungers, W. L., Harcourt‐Smith, W. E. H., Wunderlich, R. E., Tocheri, M. W., Larson, S. G., Sutikna, T., Due, R. A., & Morwood, M. J. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07989 · Cited by 194
Self-citationAnatomically modern human in Southeast Asia (Laos) by 46 ka
Demeter, F., Shackelford, L., Bacon, A., Duringer, P., Westaway, K., Sayavongkhamdy, T., Braga, J., Sichanthongtip, P., Khamdalavong, P., Ponche, J., et al. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1208104109 · Cited by 180
Self-citationFrom revolution to convention: the past, present and future of radiocarbon dating
Wood, R. E. (2015) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2015.02.019 · Cited by 175
The Liang Bua faunal remains: a 95k.yr. sequence from Flores, East Indonesia
van den Bergh, G. D., Meijer, H. J. M., Awe, R. D., Morwood, M. J., Szabó, K., Ostende, L. W. V. D. H., Sutikna, T., Saptomo, E. W., Piper, P. J., & Dobney, K. M. (2008) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.08.015 · Cited by 171
Self-citationLi, B., Jacobs, Z. L., Roberts, R. G., & Li, S. (2014) · Geochronometria · doi:10.2478/s13386-013-0160-3 · Cited by 162
Self-citationEarliest hominin occupation of Sulawesi, Indonesia
van den Bergh, G. D., Li, B., Brumm, A., Grün, R., Yurnaldi, D., Moore, M. W., Kurniawan, I., Setiawan, R., Aziz, F., Roberts, R. G., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature16448 · Cited by 160
Self-citationContinuities in stone flaking technology at Liang Bua, Flores, Indonesia
Moore, M. W., Sutikna, T., Jatmiko, J., Morwood, M. J., & Brumm, A. (2009) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.10.006 · Cited by 157
Self-citationOptical dating in archaeology: thirty years in retrospect and grand challenges for the future
Roberts, R. G., Jacobs, Z. L., Li, B., Jankowski, N. R., Cunningham, A. C., & Rosenfeld, A. B. (2015) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2015.02.028 · Cited by 145
Self-citationStorey, M., Roberts, R. G., & Saidin, M. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1208178109 · Cited by 136
Self-citationLaser ablation U-series analysis of fossil bones and teeth
Grün, R., Eggins, S. M., Kinsley, L. P. J., Moseley, H., & Sambridge, M. (2014) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.07.023 · Cited by 126
Self-citationClarkson, C., Smith, M., Marwick, B., Fullagar, R., Wallis, L. A., Faulkner, P., Manne, T., Hayes, E., Roberts, R. G., Jacobs, Z., et al. (2015) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.03.014 · Cited by 121
Self-citationHigh-precision 238U–234U–230Th disequilibrium dating of the recent past: a review
Zhao, J., Yu, K., & Feng, Y. (2009) · Quaternary Geochronology · doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2009.01.012 · Cited by 117
Self-citationRivera, T., Storey, M., Schmitz, M. D., & Crowley, J. L. (2013) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.02.021 · Cited by 116
Self-citationHomo floresiensis and the evolution of the hominin shoulder
Larson, S. G., Jungers, W. L., Morwood, M. J., Sutikna, T., Jatmiko, J., Saptomo, E. W., Due, R. A., & Djubiantono, T. (2007) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.06.003 · Cited by 115
Self-citationGrün, R., Huang, P.-H., Huang, W., McDermott, F. P., Thorne, A., Stringer, C. B., & Yan, G. (1998) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1006/jhev.1997.0211 · Cited by 95
Self-citationClark, T. R., Zhao, J., Roff, G., Feng, Y., Done, T., Nothdurft, L. D., & Pandolfi, J. M. (2014) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2014.04.022 · Cited by 93
Self-citationSpeleothem‐derived Asian summer monsoon variations in Central China, 54–46 ka
Zhou, H., Zhao, J., Wang, Q., Feng, Y., & Tang, J. (2011) · Journal of Quaternary Science · doi:10.1002/jqs.1506 · Cited by 89
Self-citationJacobs, Z. L., & Roberts, R. G. (2015) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2015.01.023 · Cited by 87
Self-citationKaifu, Y., Baba, H., Sutikna, T., Morwood, M. J., Kubo, D., Saptomo, E. W., Jatmiko, Awe, R. D., & Djubiantono, T. (2011) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.08.008 · Cited by 86
Self-citationRoberts, R. G., Westaway, K., Zhao, J., TURNEY, C. S. M., Bird, M. I., Rink, W. J., & Fifield, L. K. (2009) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.01.003 · Cited by 83
Self-citationU-series dating of bone in an open system: The diffusion-adsorption-decay model
Sambridge, M. S., Grün, R., & Eggins, S. M. (2012) · Quaternary Geochronology · doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2012.02.010 · Cited by 61
Self-citationAlloway, B. V., Pribadi, A., Westgate, J. A., Bird, M. I., Fifield, L. K., Hogg, A. G., & Smith, I. E. M. (2004) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.08.014 · Cited by 61
Self-citationPreface: research at Liang Bua, Flores, Indonesia
Morwood, M. J., Sutikna, T., Saptomo, E. W., Jatmiko, J., Hobbs, D. R., & Westaway, K. (2009) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.07.003 · Cited by 60
Self-citationNew wrist bones of Homo floresiensis from Liang Bua (Flores, Indonesia)
Orr, C. M., Tocheri, M. W., Burnett, S. E., Awe, R. D., Saptomo, E. W., Sutikna, T., Jatmiko, J., Wasisto, S., Morwood, M. J., & Jungers, W. L. (2013) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.10.003 · Cited by 58
Self-citationLi, B., Roberts, R. G., & Jacobs, Z. L. (2013) · Quaternary Geochronology · doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2013.03.006 · Cited by 49
Self-citationRecent advances and future prospects of the U–Th and U–Pb chronometers applicable to archaeology
Hellström, J., & Pickering, R. (2015) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2015.02.032 · Cited by 42
Westaway, K., & Roberts, R. G. (2006) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.06.010 · Cited by 41
Self-citationLate Pleistocene-Holocene non-passerine avifauna of Liang Bua (Flores, Indonesia)
Meijer, H. J. M., Sutikna, T., Saptomo, E. W., Awe, R. D., Jatmiko, J., Wasisto, S., James, H. F., Morwood, M. J., & Tocheri, M. W. (2013) · Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology · doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.746941 · Cited by 38
Self-citationNeudorf, C. M., Roberts, R. G., & Jacobs, Z. L. (2012) · Radiation Measurements · doi:10.1016/j.radmeas.2012.04.005 · Cited by 35
Self-citationComparison of blue and red TL from quartz
Franklin, A. D., Prescott, J. R., & Robertson, G. B. (2000) · Radiation Measurements · doi:10.1016/s1350-4487(00)00050-0 · Cited by 33
Establishing the time of initial human occupation of Liang Bua, western Flores, Indonesia
Westaway, K., Morwood, M. J., Roberts, R. G., Zhao, J., Sutikna, T., Saptomo, E. W., & Rink, W. J. (2006) · Quaternary Geochronology · doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2006.03.015 · Cited by 29
Self-citationWestaway, K. (2009) · Radiation Measurements · doi:10.1016/j.radmeas.2009.06.001 · Cited by 26
Self-citationStrategies of Electron Probe Data Reduction
Heinrich, K. F. J. (1991) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2617-3_2 · Cited by 23
Westaway, K., Morwood, M. J., Sutikna, T., Moore, M. W., Rokus, A. D., van den Bergh, G. D., Roberts, R. G., & Saptomo, E. W. (2009) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.07.020 · Cited by 23
Self-citationNeudorf, C. M. (2011) · Research Online (University of Wollongong) · Cited by 2
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Morwood, M. J. & Jungers, W. L. (Eds). Paleoanthropological Research at Liang Bua, Flores, Indonesia. J. Hum. Evol. 57, 437–648 (2009) · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago
Clarkson, C., Jacobs, Z., Marwick, B., Fullagar, R., Wallis, L., Smith, M., Roberts, R. G., Hayes, E., Lowe, K., Carah, X., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature22968 · Cited by 1,185
Self-citationMultiple Deeply Divergent Denisovan Ancestries in Papuans
Jacobs, G. S., Hudjashov, G., Saag, L., Kusuma, P., Darusallam, C. C., Lawson, D. J., Mondal, M., Pagani, L., Ricaut, F.-X., Stoneking, M., et al. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.035 · Cited by 346
The age of Homo naledi and associated sediments in the Rising Star Cave, South Africa
Dirks, P. H. G. M., Roberts, E. M., Hilbert-Wolf, H. L., Kramers, J. D., Hawks, J. D., Dosseto, A., Duval, M., Elliott, M., Evans, M., Grün, R., et al. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.24231 · Cited by 328
Self-citationWhen did Homo sapiens first reach Southeast Asia and Sahul?
O’Connell, J. F., Allen, J., Williams, M. A. J., Williams, A. N., Turney, C. S. M., Spooner, N. A., Kamminga, J., Brown, G., & Cooper, A. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1808385115 · Cited by 236
A new species of Homo from the Late Pleistocene of the Philippines
Détroit, F., Mijares, A. S., Corny, J., Daver, G., Zanolli, C., Dizon, E., Robles, E., Grün, R., & Piper, P. J. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1067-9 · Cited by 230
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Sutikna, T., Tocheri, M. W., Morwood, M. J., Saptomo, E. W., Jatmiko, Awe, R. D., Wasisto, S., Westaway, K. E., Aubert, M., Li, B., Zhao, J.-X., Storey, M., Alloway, B. V., Morley, M. W., Meijer, H. J. M., van den Bergh, G. D., Grün, R., Dosseto, A., Brumm, A., Jungers, W. L., & Roberts, R. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Wollongong (AU)
- Smithsonian Institution (US)
- Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional (ID)
- Macquarie University (AU)
- Griffith University (AU)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Natural History Museum of Denmark (DK)
- Stony Brook University Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sutikna, Thomas
- Tocheri, Matthew W.
- Roberts, Richard G.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2016-03-30
- Volume
- 532
- Issue
- 7599
- Pages
- 366-369
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2325450048
- Cited by
- 330
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 22
- FWCI
- 194.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion)
- Research Online (University of Wollongong) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
- ResearchSpace (University of Auckland) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Villum Fonden (00007408)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pacific and Southeast Asian Studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Keywords
- Homo floresiensis, Flores, stratigraphy, radiometric dating, Late Pleistocene, hominin chronology, lithic artifacts, cave occupation, hominin dispersal, Pleistocene megafauna
- MeSH terms
- Aluminum Silicates, Animals, Archaeology, Australia, Calibration, Fossils, Glass, Humans, Indonesia, Quartz, Time Factors, Hominidae, Potassium Compounds, Geologic Sediments, Uncertainty, Radiometric Dating, Caves
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
