When did Homo sapiens first reach Southeast Asia and Sahul?
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Anatomically modern humans ( Homo sapiens , AMH) began spreading across Eurasia from Africa and adjacent Southwest Asia about 50,000–55,000 years ago ( ca . 50–55 ka). Some have argued that human genetic, fossil, and archaeological data indicate one or more prior dispersals, possibly as early as 120 ka. A recently reported age estimate of 65 ka for Madjedbebe, an archaeological site in northern Sahul (Pleistocene Australia–New Guinea), if correct, offers what might be the strongest support yet presented for a pre–55-ka African AMH exodus. We review evidence for AMH arrival on an arc spanning South China through Sahul and then evaluate data from Madjedbebe. We find that an age estimate of >50 ka for this site is unlikely to be valid. While AMH may have moved far beyond Africa well before 50–55 ka, data from the region of interest offered in support of this idea are not compelling.
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At least two endemic 'super-archaic' hominin species, H. floresiensis and H. luzonensis, were present in Island Southeast Asia around the time anatomically modern humans arrived more than 50,000 years ago.
“The hominin fossil record of Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) indicates that at least two endemic 'super-archaic' species Homo luzonensis and H. floresiensis - were present around the time anatomically modern humans (AMH) arrived in the region >50,000 years ago.”
From Widespread Denisovan ancestry in Island Southeast Asia but no evidence of substantial super-archaic hominin admixture (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
The Archaeology section reports that H. floresiensis persisted on Flores until 50–60 ka, around the paper’s proposed timing of AMH arrival. The copy does not identify H. luzonensis or establish that two endemic species were present then. It also describes AMH arrival as after 50 ka, rather than confidently more than 50 ka ago; the Fossil Evidence section calls earlier fossil evidence questionable. (LLM, conf=0.89)
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RetractedPhenotypic differences between highlanders and lowlanders in Papua New Guinea
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Self-citationThe archaeology of Maliwawa: 25,000 years of occupation in the Wellington Range, Arnhem Land
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- Authors
- O’Connell, J. F., Allen, J., Williams, M. A. J., Williams, A. N., Turney, C. S. M., Spooner, N. A., Kamminga, J., Brown, G., & Cooper, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Utah (US)
- La Trobe University (AU)
- The University of Adelaide (AU)
- Flinders University (AU)
- Australian Research Council (AU)
- Defence Science and Technology Group (AU)
- Australian National University (AU)
- Charles Darwin University (AU)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2018-08-06
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 34
- Pages
- 8482-8490
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC6112744
- OpenAlex
- W2885064431
- Cited by
- 236
- References
- 124
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 8
- FWCI
- 22.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Social Sciences › Geography, Planning and Development › Pacific and Southeast Asian Studies
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Language and cultural evolution
- Keywords
- Homo sapiens dispersal, anatomically modern humans, Sahul, South China, human migration out of Africa, radiocarbon dating
- MeSH terms
- Africa, Archaeology, Asia, Humans, History, Ancient, Human Migration
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