The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Robust neuronal dynamics in premotor cortex during motor planning
Open accessAbstract
Neural activity maintains representations that bridge past and future events, often over many seconds. Network models can produce persistent and ramping activity, but the positive feedback that is critical for these slow dynamics can cause sensitivity to perturbations. Here we use electrophysiology and optogenetic perturbations in the mouse premotor cortex to probe the robustness of persistent neural representations during motor planning. We show that preparatory activity is remarkably robust to large-scale unilateral silencing: detailed neural dynamics that drive specific future movements were quickly and selectively restored by the network. Selectivity did not recover after bilateral silencing of the premotor cortex. Perturbations to one hemisphere are thus corrected by information from the other hemisphere. Corpus callosum bisections demonstrated that premotor cortex hemispheres can maintain preparatory activity independently. Redundancy across selectively coupled modules, as we observed in the premotor cortex, is a hallmark of robust control systems. Network models incorporating these principles show robustness that is consistent with data.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Serial transformation of sensory inputs along bottom–up hierarchical pathways has been observed in rodents engaged in whisker-discrimination tasks (8, 9) with an increasingly stronger association with perceptual choice in S2 (10, 11) and premotor areas (12–14) rather than whisker-related wS1 (9).”
From Neural correlates of perceptual decision-making in the primary somatosensory cortex (2026) · cites this paper as [13]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Therefore, this global regulation is unlikely to originate directly from frontal cortical premotor areas (12–14) since frontal cortices have a high degree of symmetry for both ipsilateral and contralateral projections (59).”
From Neural correlates of perceptual decision-making in the primary somatosensory cortex (2026) · cites this paper as [13]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Hence, peak 4 is likely to reflect participation of the primary somatosensory cortex in motor preparatory activity, often observed in higher motor cortices (12–14).”
From Neural correlates of perceptual decision-making in the primary somatosensory cortex (2026) · cites this paper as [13]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Rogers, S. (1996) · Control Engineering Practice · doi:10.1016/0967-0661(96)82838-3 · Cited by 10,013
The Neural Basis of Decision Making
Gold, J. I., & Shadlen, M. N. (2007) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113038 · Cited by 3,764
Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey's dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Funahashi, S., Bruce, C. J., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1989) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1989.61.2.331 · Cited by 2,685
Kitano, H. (2004) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg1471 · Cited by 2,278
Neuron Activity Related to Short-Term Memory
Fuster, J. M., & Alexander, G. E. (1971) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.173.3997.652 · Cited by 2,085
Reliability of spike timing in neocortical neurons
Mainen, Z. F., & Sejnowski, T. J. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7770778 · Cited by 1,950
Context-dependent computation by recurrent dynamics in prefrontal cortex
Mante, V., Sussillo, D., Shenoy, K. V., & Newsome, W. T. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12742 · Cited by 1,910
A toolbox of Cre-dependent optogenetic transgenic mice for light-induced activation and silencing
Madisen, L., Mao, T., Koch, H., Zhuo, J.-M., Berenyi, A., Fujisawa, S., Hsu, Y.-W. A., Garcia, A. J., Gu, X., Zanella, S., et al. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3078 · Cited by 1,398
Self-citationReverse engineering of biological complexity
Csete, M. E., & Doyle, J. C. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1069981 · Cited by 1,215
A Developmental Switch in the Response of DRG Neurons to ETS Transcription Factor Signaling
Hippenmeyer, S., Pecho‐Vrieseling, E., Sigrist, M., Portmann, T., Laengle, C., Ladle, D. R., & Arber, S. (2005) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030159 · Cited by 1,111
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 53 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–454 of 454
Predicting the patterns of spatio-temporal signal propagation in complex networks
Hens, C., Harush, U., Cohen, R., & Barzel, B. (2018) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1801.08854 · Cited by 1
The Effects of Radiation on Memristor-Based Electronic Spiking Neural Networks
Dahl, S. G. (2020) · doi:10.18122/td/1713/boisestate · Cited by 1
Scheib, J., Newman, Z. L., Gable, J., Farinella, D. M., Head, M., Bliese, S., Dougen, B., Jayakumar, H., Young, S., Miller, N., et al. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.111876 · Cited by 2
“To compare population dynamics between two trial types, we calculated the CDs along which activity maximally discriminated between the trial types ( Stopfer et al., 2003 ; Li et al., 2016 ).”
The larval Drosophila mushroom body balances lateralized sensing and interhemispheric integration
Zimmerman, D. M., de Bivort, B. L., & Samuel, A. D. T. (2026) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aeg1229 · Cited by 1
“Recent work in rodent and primate models has begun to explore the circuit mechanisms underlying flexible interhemispheric integration of somatosensory ( 5 , 6 ), auditory ( 7 , 8 ), and olfactory maps ( 9 – 11 ).”
Roš, H., Xie, Y., Sadeh, S., Takarabe, L. M., & Silver, R. A. (2026) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117933
Osako, Y., Heller, G. R., Ährlund‐Richter, S., Buschman, T. J., & Sur, M. (2026) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-026-02410-0 · Cited by 6
“To obtain the ‘coding direction’ 55,56 , we computed the difference of firing rates between conditions.”
Rao, D., Kizhakoot, D. B., Kalra, S., Suri, H., Chorol, S., & Rajan, R. (2026) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0199-25.2026
“1 A , right; Churchland et al., 2006b, 2010; Shenoy et al., 2011; Li et al., 2016; Svoboda and Li, 2018).”
Redundant prefrontal hemispheres adapt storage strategy to working memory demands
Tschiersch, M., Umakantha, A., Williamson, R. C., Smith, M. A., Barbosa, J., & Compte, A. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-75705-2
“Conversely, optogenetic studies in mice suggest a redundant architecture, since short-term memory canrecover from unilateral but not bilateral prefrontal perturbations 5,23,24 .”
InfluentialThe Importance of Synchrony in the Neural Control of MovementPreprint
Hasegawa, M., Gruszka, B., Finch, M. S., Athreya, V. J., Milstein, A. D., & Oldenburg, I. A. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.06.26.734805 · Cited by 1
Tuft dendrite spikes are accompanied by selective input from distinct functional networks
Gable, J., Newman, Z. L., Young, S., Scheib, J., Bliese, S., Miller, N., & Kerlin, A. (2026) · bioRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.06.10.731464
“During this behavior, task-driven activity patterns in ALM cortex exhibit well-described periods of both extended stability and rapid transition (52, 53), making it an especially suitable region to evaluate the relationship between tuft spikes and input dynamics.”
Dynamic coordination and segregation mechanisms in higher cortex for parallel task processing
Wang, S., Zhu, Y., Li, C., Yung, W., & Ya, K. E. (2026) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2026.06.001
Ammer, J. J., Dacre, J., Schiemann, J. M., Moberg, S., Rochefort, N. L., Hennig, M. H., & Duguid, I. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.05.21.722630
“…timing of pyramidal neuron and interneuron activity changes (interneuron spike width <0.4 ms, n = 75 neurons from N = 9 mice) (Currie et al., 2022; Li et al., 2016) and found diverse response profiles with both neuron types showing increased and decreased activity, with a bias towards enhanced…”
InfluentialInternal state dynamically gates task-specific attractor dynamics in prefrontal cortexPreprint
Osako, Y., Buschman, T. J., & Sur, M. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.05.20.726585
Self-Organized Neural Integrators in Noisy Spiking NetworksPreprint
Feng, B., Gao, R., Li, N., & Shouval, H. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.05.04.722735
“While the mouse performed the task, recordings were collected from 384 electrodes spanning ALM.”
InfluentialSelf-citationGuan, Y., Peng, X., Wu, X., Hua, M., Zhou, J. M., Gong, J., & Zhu, P. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121982 · Cited by 1
Contribution of the anterior lateral motor cortex to predictive postural control in rats
Konosu, A., Fukuhara, K., Ouchida, K., Funato, T., & Yanagihara, D. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-49148-0
Huang, E., Xu, D., Zhu, H., Chen, Z., Li, P., Chen, Y., Lei, S., Liu, J., Li, C., & Zhang, X. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.04.12.718071
Addressing degeneracy in rodent studies of cognition
Constantinople, C. M. (2026) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2026.103190 · Cited by 1
Avidan, E., Sherer, S. D., & Gilad, A. (2026) · bioRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.03.18.712808
“In the present task, the delay period was placed between sensory stimuli such that the upcoming motor choice was unknown, thereby isolating sensory-related WM. Interhemispheric connections in frontal cortex may therefore be engaged primarily during coordinated bilateral movements, action planning, or robust maintenanc…”
Preparatory Activity Indexes Motor Memory in the Motor Cortex
Shen, X.-L., Zhao, H.-X., Xiao, Y.-H., Wang, Y.-X., Zeng, L.-Z., & Geng, H. (2026) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-026-01611-8
“It is essential for planning and executing directional licking, exhibiting robust preparatory activity during instructed delay Xiao–Lin Shen, He–Xin Zhao, and Yu–Hao Xiao contributed equally to this work. tasks to support motor planning [11, 12].”
Granule cells reorient cortical trajectories to separate contexts
Garcia-Garcia, M. G., Wójcik, M. J., Thota, S., Drake, L., Otchere, A., Akinwale, O., Ramos, L., Costa, R. P., & Wagner, M. J. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10946-1 · Cited by 3
“These advantages strongly incentivize reusing manifolds to make circuits robust 12 to both within-and cross-context variation.”
Vulnerability of short-term memory in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
Li, C., Chia, X. W., Xu, G., Ang, L. F., & Makino, H. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-69619-2
The larval Drosophila mushroom body balances lateralized sensing and interhemispheric integration
Zimmerman, D. M., de Bivort, B., & Samuel, A. (2026) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.03.02.641007
“Recent work in rodent and primate models has begun to explore the circuit mechanisms un-43 derlying flexible IHI of somatosensory ( 5 , 6 ), auditory ( 7 , 8 ), and olfactory maps ( 9 – 11 ).”
CA3 Transiently Modulates Spatial Representation in CA1Preprint
Rais, C., Maheu, M., & Wiegert, J. S. (2026) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.01.24.634689
“…given that our optogenetic stimulation approach only affected a fraction of all CA3 inputs to CA1, the recurrent connectivity of unaffected CA3 51,52 and its ability for pattern completion (e.g., in ipsilateral CA3 or more caudal/rostral portions of CA3) could be sufficient to preserve global…”
Neural dynamics of reversal learning in the prefrontal cortex and recurrent neural networks
Kim, C. M., Chow, C. C., & Averbeck, B. B. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.103660.3 · Cited by 2
“Ramping activity is often observed in cortical neurons of animals engaged in decision-making ( Li et al., 2015 ; Li et al., 2016 ; Finkelstein et al., 2021 ; Latimer et al., 2015 ; Zoltowski et al., 2019 ).”
Algermissen, J., Rascu, M., Weber, L. A., den Boer, T., Martin, E., Treeby, B., Gray, M., Cleveland, R. O., Wittmann, M. K., Clarke, W. T., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.08.14.670358
“As mentioned above, based on work in patients with brain lesions, we reasoned that behavioural effects of TUS might scale with the bilaterality of the stimulation(Li et al., 2016).”
Rao, D., & Rajan, R. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.05.19.654952
“Current research suggests a "preparatory" period before movement initiation when neural activity converges on a consistent initial state (Churchland et al., 2006b, 2010; Shenoy et al., 2011; Li et al., 2016; Svoboda and Li, 2018).”
Redundant prefrontal hemispheres adapt storage strategy to working memory demands
Tschiersch, M., Umakantha, A., Williamson, R. C., Smith, M., Barbosa, J., & Compte, A. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.01.15.633176
“On the other hand, optogenetic studies in mice indicate a redundant organization, since the disruption of both hemispheres is necessary for memories to be irrevocably disrupted (5,22,23) .”
InfluentialNeural Dynamics Underlying False Alarms in Extrastriate Cortex
Sahoo, B., & Snyder, A. (2024) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.09.06.611738
“In the motor domain, Li et al. (2016) tasked mice to locate objects by whisking, then during movement preparation the experimenters optogenetically suppressed large portions of the premotor cortical network.”
BackgroundInteractively Integrating Reach and Grasp Information in Macaque Premotor Cortex
Chen, J., Sun, G., Zhang, Y., Chen, W., Zheng, X., Zhang, S., & Hao, Y. (2025) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-025-01430-3
“We calculated the coding direction (CD) to investigate the tuning property of the neural population [44] in the PMd.”
Encoding of 2D Self-Centered Plans and World-Centered Positions in the Rat Frontal Orienting Field
Li, L., Flesch, T., Ma, C., Li, J., Chen, Y., Chen, H. I., & Erlich, J. C. (2024) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0018-24.2024 · Cited by 1
“Similar work in the mouse anterior lateral motor cortex during directional licking also identi fi ed discrete bistable attractor models as best accounting for observed neural activity and perturbation results (Li et al., 2016; Inagaki et al., 2019).”
BackgroundRewiring Dynamics of Functional Connectomes during Motor-Skill Learning
Meamardoost, S., Bhattacharya, M., Hwang, E. J., Ren, C., Wang, L., Mewes, C. K. A., Zhang, Y., Komiyama, T., & Gunawan, R. (2023) · Data Science in Science · doi:10.1080/26941899.2023.2260431 · Cited by 3
Predictive Motor Control Based on a Generative Adversarial NetworkPreprint
Lenninger, M., Choi, W.-H., & Choi, H. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.01.17.524156 · Cited by 1
Bias in Prestimulus Motor Cortical Activity Determines Decision-making Error in Rodents
Chae, S., Sihn, D., & Kim, S.-P. (2023) · Experimental Neurobiology · doi:10.5607/en23020
“Additionally, perturbing the ALM during the early phase of decision-making can lead to erroneous decisions [6, 7].”
BackgroundA frontal cortical network is critical for language planning during spoken interactionPreprint
Castellucci, G. A., Kovach, C. K., Tabasi, F., Christianson, D. W., Greenlee, J. D. W., & Long, M. A. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.08.26.554639
Separating cognitive and motor processes in the behaving mouse
Hasnain, M. A., Birnbaum, J. E., Nunez, J., Hartman, E. K., Chandrasekaran, C., & Economo, M. N. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.08.23.554474
“Such preparatory activity is predictive of animals’ upcoming instructed responses 13,54,58,61,64,65 and has been taken to represent a neural correlate of a motor plan 54,60 or choice 32,62,66 .”
Kimura, R. (2023) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2023.05.002
Marrero, K., Aruljothi, K., Delgadillo, C., Kabbara, S., Swatch, L., & Zagha, E. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.02.13.528412
Ye, L., & Li, C.-H. (2022) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2209.05002
“By initializing the DWM model with 10000 different initial conditions, the DWM system shows three stable states (Fig.”
BackgroundInfluentialVolitional generation of reproducible energy-efficient temporal patternsPreprint
Ning, Y., Wan, G., Liu, T., & Zhang, S. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.04.27.489830
“Often, this neural redundancy manifests pertinent neural functions ((Kaufman et al., 2014; Li et al., 2016; Driscoll et al., 2017)) or circuit constraints in implementing the target neural patterns ((Hennig et al., 2018)).”
BackgroundManipulation-specific activity in motor and somatosensory cortex as mice handle foodPreprint
Barrett, J., & Shepherd, G. (2022) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.02.23.481687
“Indeed, redundancy in the network 346 controlling such a fundamental behavior would be highly adaptive, and has been seen in other 347 motor behaviors (Li et al., 2016; Morandell and Huber, 2017).”
BackgroundNeuronal cell-type and circuit basis for visual predictive processingPreprint
Zou, J., Huang, L., Wang, L., Xu, Y., Li, C., Peng, Q., Zeng, H., Zhang, S., & Li, L. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.12.31.474667
Inhibitory control of synaptic signals preceding motor action in mouse frontal cortexPreprint
Zhang, C.-L., Koukouli, F., Allegra, M., Ortiz, C., Kao, H.-L., Maskos, U., Changeux, J., & Schmidt-Hieber, C. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.07.05.451151
“As has previously been shown (Chaudhuri and Fiete, 2016; Economo et al., 2018; Gao et al., 2018; Li et al., 2016; Murakami et al., 2014), the recurrent connectivity of the principal neuron, in concert with inhibition from PV+ and SOM+ cells, resulted in a conversion of the step-like external input into a slowly increa…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialModels: Maximally selective single cell target for circuit control in epilepsy
Hadjiabadi, D. H., & Soltész, I. (2021) · doi:10.17632/dghdz45rfd.2
Stable choice coding during changes of mind
Boyd-Meredith, J. T., Piet, A. T., Dennis, E., Hady, A. E., & Brody, C. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.05.13.444020
Extracting single-trial neural interaction using latent dynamical systems model
Huh, N., Kim, S.-P., Lee, J., & Sohn, J.-W. (2021) · Molecular Brain · doi:10.1186/s13041-021-00740-7
Dorsal Premotor Cortex Involved in Hand Gesture Preparation in MacaquesPreprint
Sun, G., Zhang, S., Wang, R., Hao, Y., Chen, W., & Zheng, X. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/869354
Cortex-wide Computations in Complex Decision Making in Mice
Gupta, P. K., & Murphy, T. H. (2019) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.10.043
Igarashi, M., Akamine, Y., & Wickens, J. R. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/628248 · Cited by 7
“18 communication in rodents (Mohn and Russell 1981; Noonan and Axelrod 1992; Sullivan et al. 52 1993; Li et al. 2016) and non-human primates (Mark and Sperry 1968).”
BackgroundA Communication Network Robustness Estimation Method Based on an Improved ELM
Wen, G., Huang, N., & Wu, W.-Q. (2017) · doi:10.12783/dtcse/csma2017/17324
Kurikawa, T., Handa, T., & Fukai, T. (2017) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/139493
“Recent studies have revealed neural mechanisms of sensory information coding [41], short-term memory [42], and motor planning [43] by applying perturbation to neural activity with opt-genetic techniques.”
BackgroundKarpova, A., & Kiani, R. (2016) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2016.03.003
“demonstrated that when the perturbation was performed early during the delay period, the detailed dynamics of activity recovered fully selectively along the hypothesized task-relevant mode [7].”
Neurodegenerative diseases and their related treatment
Xin, Z. (2021) · E3S Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202127103020 · Cited by 1
Role of mouse motor cortex in the behavioral response to unpredictable visual feedback
Heindorf, M. (2017) · edoc (University of Basel) · doi:10.5451/unibas-006793015
“Layer 5 PT neurons have also been suggested to be the output channel of cortex which drives lateralized movements (Li et al., 2015a).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Li, N., Daie, K., Svoboda, K., & Druckmann, S.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Svoboda, Karel
- Druckmann, Shaul
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2016-04-13
- Volume
- 532
- Issue
- 7600
- Pages
- 459-464
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC5081260
- OpenAlex
- W2336155947
- Cited by
- 492
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 13
- FWCI
- 27.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2016-06-29)
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- premotor cortex, motor planning, preparatory activity, network robustness, interhemispheric connectivity, network redundancy, working memory, optogenetic perturbation, mouse cortex, network models
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Mapping, Corpus Callosum, Female, Light, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Models, Neurological, Motor Cortex, Movement, Neurons, Mice, Executive Function, Optogenetics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
