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Interaction between differentially methylated regions partitions the imprinted genes Igf2 and H19 into parent-specific chromatin loops
Abstract
Imprinted genes are expressed from only one of the parental alleles and are marked epigenetically by DNA methylation and histone modifications. The paternally expressed gene insulin-like growth-factor 2 (Igf2) is separated by approximately 100 kb from the maternally expressed noncoding gene H19 on mouse distal chromosome 7. Differentially methylated regions in Igf2 and H19 contain chromatin boundaries, silencers and activators and regulate the reciprocal expression of the two genes in a methylation-sensitive manner by allowing them exclusive access to a shared set of enhancers. Various chromatin models have been proposed that separate Igf2 and H19 into active and silent domains. Here we used a GAL4 knock-in approach as well as the chromosome conformation capture technique to show that the differentially methylated regions in the imprinted genes Igf2 and H19 interact in mice. These interactions are epigenetically regulated and partition maternal and paternal chromatin into distinct loops. This generates a simple epigenetic switch for Igf2 through which it moves between an active and a silent chromatin domain.
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“An insulated neighborhood on the maternal allele allows an enhancer-promoter interaction that activates the H19 gene but not the IGF2 gene, which is excluded from the neighborhood.”
From Insulated Neighborhoods: Structural and Functional Units of Mammalian Gene Control (2016) · cites this paper as Murrell et al., 2004
In the citing paper
“Parent-of-origin specific gene activity at the imprinted IGF2/H19 locus is controlled by allele-specific CTCF-CTCF interactions that constrain enhancer-gene contacts in a DNA methylation-dependent manner (Figure 6A) (Kurukuti et al., 2006; Murrell et al., 2004).”
From Insulated Neighborhoods: Structural and Functional Units of Mammalian Gene Control (2016) · cites this paper as Murrell et al., 2004
In the citing paper
“A larger insulated neighborhood is formed on the paternal allele to allow an enhancer-promoter interaction that activates the IGF2 gene.”
From Insulated Neighborhoods: Structural and Functional Units of Mammalian Gene Control (2016) · cites this paper as Murrell et al., 2004
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Bohne, F., Langer, D. J., Martiné, U., Eider, C. S., Cencic, R., Begemann, M., Elbracht, M., Bülow, L., Eggermann, T., Zechner, U., et al. (2016) · Clinical Epigenetics · doi:10.1186/s13148-016-0215-4 · Cited by 24
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“On the maternal allele, the loop isolates the Igf2 gene in a domain that excludes the enhancer; on the paternal allele, a different loop places the Igf2 gene in a domain where the enhancer is present (Murrell et al. 2004).”
BackgroundSIRT1 deacetylates SATB1 to facilitate MAR HS2 -MAR ε interaction and promote ε-globin expression
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“Recent evidence suggests that multiple differentially methylated regions (DMRs) within imprinted domains may interact to correctly regulate genomic imprinting (Murrell et al., 2004).”
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“Paternal methylation of the H19 ICR inhibits CTCF binding, thus allowing the enhancer to activate the IGF2 promoter on the paternal chromosome (Murrell et al., 2004; Kurukuti et al., 2006).”
Role of OCT-1 and partner proteins in T cell differentiation
Hwang, S. S., Kim, L. K., Lee, G. R., & Flavell, R. A. (2016) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms · doi:10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.04.006 · Cited by 21
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“The explanation of such a long-range regulation remains to be clarified but will probably be accessible in the near future by techniques of chromatin analysis, which recently have been applied successfully to the Igf2/H19 region in mice (24).”
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“It has long been known that the Igf2 / H19 cluster shows different conformation on each parental chromosome 41 and a more recent single cell 3D analysis found eight known imprinted regions have parental-origin-specific TADs in postnatal cortex and hippocampus 42 .”
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Kernohan, K. D., & Bérubé, N. G. (2010) · Epigenomics · doi:10.2217/epi.10.61 · Cited by 22
Setting up and maintaining differential insulators and boundaries for genomic imprinting
Murrell, A. (2011) · Biochemistry and Cell Biology · doi:10.1139/o11-043 · Cited by 21
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“. In mammals, CTCF has been shown to mediate the formation of a loop involving the imprinting control region (ICR) and DMR1 regions that would restrict access of the Igf2 to its enhancer”
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“As imprinted expression of this gene in eutherians is dependent on a differentially methylated region [151, 152], searches for such a region controlling the marsupial IGF2 locus were performed.”
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“In mice, the IGF2 overexpression determines BWS clinical features leading to overgrowth, polyhydramnios, fetal and neonatal lethality, disproportionate organ overgrowth, and macroglossia (Murrell et al., 2004).”
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Chromatin looping and organization at developmentally regulated gene loci
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Refined Association Mapping for a Quantitative Trait: Weight in the H19‐IGF2‐INS‐TH Region
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“IGF2 exon 6 contains a differentially methylated region (DMR2) which in mice controls IGF2-H19 imprinting through parent-specific interactions with DMR and DMR1 (Murrell et al. 2004).”
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Raising the curtains on interchromosomal interactions
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“And then the line between the imprinted gene expression and the epigenetic modification, especially DNA methylation, has been drawn (Murrell et al., 2004; Zhou et al., 2015).”
BackgroundGene dynamics and nuclear architecture during differentiation
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“On the face of it, such a mechanism resembles the imprinted Igf2/H19 locus, where CTCF binding near the H19 gene on the maternal allele restrict interactions between a shared set of enhancers and the more distal Igf2 gene (Murrell et al., 2004).”
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“Therefore, it has been successfully applied to demonstrate long-range interactions, for example between transcriptional regulatory elements and distal target genes (Tolhuis et al., 2002; Murrell et al., 2004; Spilianakis et al., 2004).”
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Physical mapping of the IGF2 locus in the South American opossum Monodelphis domestica
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“, 1998), matrix attachment regions (Weber et al., 2003; Murrell et al., 2004), and several differentially methylated regions (Hark et al.”
BackgroundDivergent Roles of RelA and c-Rel in Establishing Chromosomal Loops upon Activation of the Igκ Gene
Liu, Z., Ma, Z., Terada, L. S., & Garrard, W. T. (2009) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0901781 · Cited by 11
Relaxed imprinting of IGF2 in peripheral blood cells of patients with a history of prostate cancer
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An Unanticipated Modulation of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors: The Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs
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Gene insulation. Part II: natural strategies in vertebrates
Amouyal, M. (2010) · Biochemistry and Cell Biology · doi:10.1139/o10-111 · Cited by 10
Pten Regulates Cardiomyocyte Differentiation by Modulating Non‐CG Methylation via Dnmt3
Wang, W., Lü, G., Liu, H., Xiong, Z., Leung, H., Cao, R., Pang, A. L., Su, X., Law, P. W. N., Zhao, Z., et al. (2021) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202100849 · Cited by 9
Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis
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“The methylation profiles of IGF2 showed no differences between PA and AI fetuses (87.3% vs. 88.0%).”
BackgroundInfluentialRadiation and the regulatory landscape of neo2-Darwinism
Rollo, C. D. (2006) · Mutation research. Fundamental and molecular mechanisms of mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.09.009 · Cited by 10
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Meet the neighbours: tools to dissect nuclear structure and function
Osborne, C. S., Ewels, P., & Young, A. (2011) · Briefings in Functional Genomics · doi:10.1093/bfgp/elq034 · Cited by 9
Fan, H., Zhao, H., Pang, L., Liu, L., Zhang, G., Yu, F., Liu, T., Xu, C., Xiao, Y., & Li, X. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep12789 · Cited by 9
“Notably, functional methylation may cover part of the promoter 57,58 , 5' untranslated region (UTR) 17 , exons, introns 59,60 , 3'UTR 61 , as well as regions upstream 54 and downstream of the gene.”
BackgroundWood, A. M., Garza-Gongora, A. G., & Kosak, S. T. (2014) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms · doi:10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.01.003 · Cited by 10
Italiano, A., Chen, J., Zhang, L., Hajdu, M., Singer, S., DeMatteo, R. P., & Antonescu, C. R. (2012) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2012.05.021 · Cited by 9
Luo, J., Zhang, Y., Guo, Y., Tang, H., Wei, H., Liu, S., Wang, X., Wang, L., & Zhou, P. (2017) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2017.09.048 · Cited by 9
Martínez‐Ramírez, O. C., Pérez–Morales, R., Hernández, C. C., Gonsebatt, M. E., Casas-Ávila, L., Valdés‐Flores, M., Petrosyan, P., de León-Suárez, V. P., & Rubio, J. (2019) · DNA and Cell Biology · doi:10.1089/dna.2018.4526 · Cited by 9
“However, there has been no compelling evidence for the relationship between a polymorphism and promoter methylation (and silencing) of the same gene (Murrell et al. , 2004; Hitchins et al. , 2007).”
Enhancers regulate progression of development in mammalian cells
Kranz, A.-L., Eils, R., & König, R. (2011) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkr602 · Cited by 8
H19ICR mediated transcriptional silencing does not require target promoter methylation
Gebert, C. M., Rong, Q., Jeong, S., Iben, J., & Pfeifer, K. E. (2016) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.05.042 · Cited by 8
Long‐range transcriptional regulation of breast cancer genes
Betts, J. A., French, J. D., Brown, M. A., & Edwards, S. L. (2012) · Genes Chromosomes and Cancer · doi:10.1002/gcc.22020 · Cited by 8
“…studies have demonstrated that the ICR is maternally unmethylated and paternally methylated, and that CTCF orchestrates an intrachromosomal loop by binding to both the maternal ICR and IGF2 promoter which silences the maternal allele (Murrell et al., 2004; Li et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2011).”
BackgroundEpigenetic Mechanisms of Human Imprinting Disorders
Scott, R. H., & Moore, G. E. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-388415-2.00013-5 · Cited by 7
ASHIC: hierarchical Bayesian modeling of diploid chromatin contacts and structures
Ye, T., & Ma, W. (2020) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkaa872 · Cited by 8
An imprinted GFP insertion reveals long-range epigenetic regulation in embryonic lineages
Jones, M. J., & Lefebvre, L. (2009) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.09.023 · Cited by 8
“The current model of how the maternal DMRs of Igf2 remain unmethylated involves chromatin looping, CTCF binding, and epigenetically-mediated contact between distant sites (Lopes et al., 2003; Murrell et al., 2004).”
BackgroundRemembering the cell fate during cellular differentiation
Zhou, G., Xin, L., Liu, D., & Liang, C. (2005) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.20572 · Cited by 8
“Recent studies suggested that the looping mechanism might be an important mechanism for the long-range activation [Bulger and Groudine, 2002; Palstra et al., 2003; Eivazova and Aune, 2004; Murrell et al., 2004], though it still needs testing more gene loci.”
BackgroundQuantifying Genomic Imprinting at Tissue and Cell Resolution in the Brain
Varrault, A., Dubois, E., Digarcher, A. L., & Bouschet, T. (2020) · Epigenomes · doi:10.3390/epigenomes4030021 · Cited by 8
Ling, J. Q., Hou, A., & Hoffman, A. R. (2010) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms · doi:10.1016/j.bbagrm.2010.11.004 · Cited by 7
Murphy, R., Thompson, J., Tost, J., & Mitchell, E. A. (2014) · BMC Medical Genetics · doi:10.1186/1471-2350-15-67 · Cited by 7
Targa, F. R. (2006) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2755/jcmm010.003.02 · Cited by 7
Applications of the site-specific recombinase Cre to the study of genomic imprinting
Oh-McGinnis, R., Jones, M. J., & Lefebvre, L. (2010) · Briefings in Functional Genomics · doi:10.1093/bfgp/elq017 · Cited by 6
A Bayesian mixture model for chromatin interaction data
Niu, L., & Lin, S. (2014) · Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1515/sagmb-2014-0029 · Cited by 6
“As a principle, 3C has been demonstrated for its ability of detecting long-range chromatin interactions (Tolhuis et al., 2002; Murrell et al., 2004; Spilianakis and Flavell, 2004; Vernimmen et al., 2007).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Murrell, A., Heeson, S., & Reik, W.
- Affiliations
- Babraham Institute (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Murrell, Adele
- Reik, Wolf
- Venue
- Nature Genetics
- Published
- 2004-07-25
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 889-893
- ISSN
- 1061-4036 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1718
- OpenAlex
- W2085509761
- Cited by
- 556
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 50
- FWCI
- 22.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Syndromes and Imprinting
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Keywords
- genomic imprinting, insulin-like growth factor II, H19, differentially methylated regions, chromatin looping, DNA methylation, epigenetic regulation, chromosome conformation, epigenetic switch, mouse chromosome 7, gene silencing
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Chromatin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor II, Mice, Transgenic, Molecular Sequence Data, Genomic Imprinting, DNA Methylation, RNA, Untranslated, Mice, RNA, Long Noncoding
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