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Magnetic resonance imaging of glutamate
Open accessAbstract
Glutamate, a major neurotransmitter in the brain, shows a pH- and concentration-dependent chemical exchange saturation transfer effect (GluCEST) between its amine group and bulk water, with potential for in vivo imaging by nuclear magnetic resonance. GluCEST asymmetry is observed ∼3 p.p.m. downfield from bulk water. Middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat brain resulted in an ∼100% elevation of GluCEST in the ipsilateral side compared with the contralateral side, predominantly owing to pH changes. In a rat brain tumor model with blood-brain barrier disruption, intravenous glutamate injection resulted in a clear elevation of GluCEST and a similar increase in the proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy signal of glutamate. GluCEST maps from healthy human brain were also obtained. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using GluCEST for mapping relative changes in glutamate concentration, as well as pH, in vivo. Contributions from other brain metabolites to the GluCEST effect are also discussed.
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Glutamate and Depression: Clinical and Preclinical Studies
PAUL, I. A., & SKOLNICK, P. (2003) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1300.016 · Cited by 408
Increase of total creatine in human brain after oral supplementation of creatine-monohydrate
Dechent, P., Pouwels, P. J. W., Wilken, B., Hanefeld, F., & Frahm, J. (1999) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.3.r698 · Cited by 221
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Ladd, M. E., Bachert, P., Meyerspeer, M., Moser, E., Nagel, A. M., Norris, D. G., Schmitter, S., Speck, O., Straub, S., & Zaiss, M. (2018) · Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy · doi:10.1016/j.pnmrs.2018.06.001 · Cited by 544
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van Zijl, P. C. M., Lam, W. W., Xu, J., Knutsson, L., & Stanisz, G. J. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.04.045 · Cited by 339
Natural D ‐glucose as a biodegradable MRI contrast agent for detecting cancer
Chan, K. W. Y., McMahon, M. T., Kato, Y., Liu, G., Bulte, J. W. M., Bhujwalla, Z. M., Artemov, D., & van Zijl, P. C. M. (2012) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.24520 · Cited by 337
Metadata
- Authors
- Cai, K., Haris, M., Singh, A., Kogan, F., Greenberg, J. H., Hariharan, H., Detre, J. A., & Reddy, R.
- Venue
- Nature Medicine
- Published
- 2012-01-22
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 302-306
- ISSN
- 1078-8956 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-170X
- OpenAlex
- W2070726080
- Cited by
- 660
- References
- 2
- FWCI
- 28.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
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