The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 63 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Vaccines: past, present and future
Open accessAbstract
The vaccines developed over the first two hundred years since Jenner's lifetime have accomplished striking reductions of infection and disease wherever applied. Pasteur's early approaches to vaccine development, attenuation and inactivation, are even now the two poles of vaccine technology. Today, purification of microbial elements, genetic engineering and improved knowledge of immune protection allow direct creation of attenuated mutants, expression of vaccine proteins in live vectors, purification and even synthesis of microbial antigens, and induction of a variety of immune responses through manipulation of DNA, RNA, proteins and polysaccharides. Both noninfectious and infectious diseases are now within the realm of vaccinology. The profusion of new vaccines enables new populations to be targeted for vaccination, and requires the development of routes of administration additional to injection. With all this come new problems in the production, regulation and distribution of vaccines.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Heterologous Protection Against Influenza by Injection of DNA Encoding a Viral Protein
Ulmer, J. B., Donnelly, J. J., Parker, S. E., Rhodes, G. H., Felgner, P. L., Dwarki, V. J., Gromkowski, S. H., Deck, R. R., DeWitt, C. M., Friedman, A., et al. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8456302 · Cited by 2,318
A Controlled Trial of a Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Vaccine
Koutsky, L. A., Ault, K. A., Wheeler, C. M., Brown, D. R., Barr, E., Alvarez, F. B., Chiacchierini, L. M., & Jansen, K. U. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa020586 · Cited by 1,602
Generation of influenza A viruses entirely from cloned cDNAs
Neumann, G., Watanabe, T., Ito, H., Watanabe, S., Goto, H., Gao, P., Hughes, M., Perez, D. R., Donis, R., Hoffmann, E., et al. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.16.9345 · Cited by 1,278
Immunotherapeutic uses of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides
Klinman, D. M. (2004) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1329 · Cited by 1,012
Regulatory T cells and mechanisms of immune system control
O'Garra, A., & Vieira, P. (2004) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0804-801 · Cited by 810
Human hepatitis B vaccine from recombinant yeast
McAleer, W. J., Buynak, E. B., Maigetter, R. Z., Wampler, D. E., Miller, W. J., & Hilleman, M. R. (1984) · Nature · doi:10.1038/307178a0 · Cited by 739
Cancer vaccines: between the idea and the reality
Finn, O. J. (2003) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1150 · Cited by 636
Schneerson, R., Barrera, O., Sutton, A., & Robbins, J. B. (1980) · The Journal of experimental medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.152.2.361 · Cited by 625
Protection of Mice Against the Lyme Disease Agent by Immunizing with Recombinant OspA
Fikrig, E., Barthold, S. W., Kantor, F. S., & Flavell, R. A. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2237407 · Cited by 488
A controlled clinical trial of the efficacy of the hepatitis B vaccine (heptavax B): A final report
Szmuness, W., Stevens, C. E., Zang, E. A., Harley, E. J., & Kellner, A. (1981) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.1840010502 · Cited by 457
Cited by
mTOR regulates memory CD8 T-cell differentiation
Araki, K., Turner, A. P., Shaffer, V. O., Gangappa, S., Keller, S. A., Bachmann, M. F., Larsen, C. P., & Ahmed, R. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08155 · Cited by 1,575
Efficacy of an Adjuvanted Herpes Zoster Subunit Vaccine in Older Adults
Lal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J., Levin, M. J., McElhaney, J. E., Poder, A., Puig-Barberà, J., et al. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1501184 · Cited by 1,454
Vaccine hesitancy, vaccine refusal and the anti-vaccine movement: influence, impact and implications
Dubé, E., Vivion, M., & MacDonald, N. E. (2015) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1586/14760584.2015.964212 · Cited by 986
Kushnir, N., Streatfield, S. J., & Yusibov, V. (2012) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.083 · Cited by 587
Shi, Y., Wang, G., Cai, X.-P., Deng, J.-W., Zheng, L., Zhu, H.-H., Zheng, M., Yang, B., & Chen, Z. (2020) · Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B · doi:10.1631/jzus.b2000083 · Cited by 580
Metadata
- Authors
- Plotkin, S. A.
- Venue
- Nature Medicine
- Published
- 2005-04
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- S4
- Pages
- S5-S11
- ISSN
- 1078-8956 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-170X
- OpenAlex
- W2034219960
- Cited by
- 592
- References
- 63
- FWCI
- 6.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Vaccines: past, present and future. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1038/nm1209
- The paper
- Plotkin, S. A. (2005). Vaccines: past, present and future. Nature Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1209
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
