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Family income, parental education and brain structure in children and adolescents
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Socioeconomic disparities are associated with differences in cognitive development. The extent to which this translates to disparities in brain structure is unclear. We investigated relationships between socioeconomic factors and brain morphometry, independently of genetic ancestry, among a cohort of 1,099 typically developing individuals between 3 and 20 years of age. Income was logarithmically associated with brain surface area. Among children from lower income families, small differences in income were associated with relatively large differences in surface area, whereas, among children from higher income families, similar income increments were associated with smaller differences in surface area. These relationships were most prominent in regions supporting language, reading, executive functions and spatial skills; surface area mediated socioeconomic differences in certain neurocognitive abilities. These data imply that income relates most strongly to brain structure among the most disadvantaged children.
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“In older children and adolescents, lower family income and lower parental education have been associated with reduced volumes of cortical grey matter, the hippocampus, and the amygdala168 as well as reduced cortical surface area and cortical thickness169, 170.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [170]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Noble, K. G., Houston, S. M., Brito, N. H., Bartsch, H., Kan, E., Kuperman, J. M., Akshoomoff, N., Amaral, D. G., Bloss, C. S., Libiger, O., Schork, N. J., Murray, S. S., Casey, B. J., Chang, L., Ernst, T. M., Frazier, J. A., Gruen, J. R., Kennedy, D. N., Van Zijl, P., Mostofsky, S., Kaufmann, W. E., Kenet, T., Dale, A. M., Jernigan, T. L., & Sowell, E. R.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- California Sea Grant (US)
- J. Craig Venter Institute (US)
- Cornell University (US)
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Kennedy Krieger Institute (US)
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Noble, Kimberly G
- Sowell, Elizabeth R
- ORCID
- Noble, Kimberly G
- Brito, Natalie H
- Bartsch, Hauke
- Kan, Eric
- Kuperman, Joshua M
- Akshoomoff, Natacha
- Amaral, David G
- Bloss, Cinnamon S
- Schork, Nicholas J
- Murray, Sarah S
- Casey, B J
- Chang, Linda
- Frazier, Jean A
- Gruen, Jeffrey R
- Kennedy, David N
- Mostofsky, Stewart
- Kaufmann, Walter E
- Kenet, Tal
- Dale, Anders M
- Jernigan, Terry L
- Sowell, Elizabeth R
- Venue
- Nature Neuroscience
- Published
- 2015-03-30
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 773-778
- ISSN
- 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1726
- PMC
- PMC4414816
- OpenAlex
- W2098605272
- Cited by
- 1,423
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 99 · 2025: 130 · 2024: 116 · 2023: 133 · 2022: 159 · 2021: 139 · 2020: 154 · 2019: 120 · 2018: 123 · 2017: 113 · 2016: 99 · 2015: 36
- FWCI
- 186.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Network (American Medical Association) (submittedVersion)
- ScholarSpace (University of Hawaii at Manoa) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH087563, R01MH083320)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (RC2DA029475)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U54HD079123, R01HD061414, L40 HD077610, R01HD053893)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
- Keywords
- household income, parental education, socioeconomic status, brain surface area, brain morphometry, cognitive development, executive function, socioeconomic disparities, children and adolescents, spatial ability
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Age Factors, Anthropometry, Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Psychology, Child, Child, Preschool, DNA, Educational Status, Genotype, Hippocampus, Humans, Income, Models, Neurological, Organ Size, Parents, Poverty, Psychological Tests, Regression Analysis, Socioeconomic Factors, Young Adult
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