Cited by 1,423Cognitive Abilities and TestingHealth disparities and outcomesIntergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies

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Family income, parental education and brain structure in children and adolescents

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Noble, Kimberly G, Houston, Suzanne M, Brito, Natalie H, Bartsch, Hauke, Kan, Eric, Kuperman, Joshua M, Akshoomoff, Natacha, Amaral, David G, Bloss, Cinnamon S, Libiger, Ondrej, Schork, Nicholas J, Murray, Sarah S, Casey, B J, Chang, Linda, Ernst, Thomas M, Frazier, Jean A, Gruen, Jeffrey R, Kennedy, David N, Van Zijl, Peter, Mostofsky, Stewart, Kaufmann, Walter E, Kenet, Tal, Dale, Anders M, Jernigan, Terry L, Sowell, Elizabeth R·2015·Nature Neuroscience

DOI 10.1038/nn.3983PMC PMC4414816

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Abstract

Socioeconomic disparities are associated with differences in cognitive development. The extent to which this translates to disparities in brain structure is unclear. We investigated relationships between socioeconomic factors and brain morphometry, independently of genetic ancestry, among a cohort of 1,099 typically developing individuals between 3 and 20 years of age. Income was logarithmically associated with brain surface area. Among children from lower income families, small differences in income were associated with relatively large differences in surface area, whereas, among children from higher income families, similar income increments were associated with smaller differences in surface area. These relationships were most prominent in regions supporting language, reading, executive functions and spatial skills; surface area mediated socioeconomic differences in certain neurocognitive abilities. These data imply that income relates most strongly to brain structure among the most disadvantaged children.

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Self-citation
Functional brain organization of working memory in adolescents varies in relation to family income and academic achievement
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The neuroscience of socioeconomic inequality
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Self-citation

Authors: Noble, K. G., Houston, S. M., Brito, N. H., Bartsch, H., Kan, E., Kuperman, J. M., Akshoomoff, N., Amaral, D. G., Bloss, C. S., Libiger, O., Schork, N. J., Murray, S. S., Casey, B. J., Chang, L., Ernst, T. M., Frazier, J. A., Gruen, J. R., Kennedy, D. N., Van Zijl, P., Mostofsky, S., Kaufmann, W. E., Kenet, T., Dale, A. M., Jernigan, T. L., & Sowell, E. R.
Affiliations: Columbia University (US)
University of Southern California (US)
University of California San Diego (US)
University of California, Davis (US)
California Sea Grant (US)
J. Craig Venter Institute (US)
Cornell University (US)
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
Yale University (US)
Kennedy Krieger Institute (US)
Boston Children's Hospital (US)
Harvard University (US)
Corresponding author: Noble, Kimberly G
Sowell, Elizabeth R
ORCID: Noble, Kimberly G
Brito, Natalie H
Bartsch, Hauke
Kan, Eric
Kuperman, Joshua M
Akshoomoff, Natacha
Amaral, David G
Bloss, Cinnamon S
Schork, Nicholas J
Murray, Sarah S
Casey, B J
Chang, Linda
Frazier, Jean A
Gruen, Jeffrey R
Kennedy, David N
Mostofsky, Stewart
Kaufmann, Walter E
Kenet, Tal
Dale, Anders M
Jernigan, Terry L
Sowell, Elizabeth R
Venue: Nature Neuroscience
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2015-03-30
Volume: 18
Issue: 5
Pages: 773-778
ISSN: 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
1546-1726
DOI: 10.1038/nn.3983
PMC: PMC4414816
OpenAlex: W2098605272
Cited by: 1,423
References: 52
Citations by year: 2026: 99 · 2025: 130 · 2024: 116 · 2023: 133 · 2022: 159 · 2021: 139 · 2020: 154 · 2019: 120 · 2018: 123 · 2017: 113 · 2016: 99 · 2015: 36
FWCI: 186.88
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Network (American Medical Association) (submittedVersion)
ScholarSpace (University of Hawaii at Manoa) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH087563, R01MH083320)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (RC2DA029475)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U54HD079123, R01HD061414, L40 HD077610, R01HD053893)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
Keywords: household income, parental education, socioeconomic status, brain surface area, brain morphometry, cognitive development, executive function, socioeconomic disparities, children and adolescents, spatial ability
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Age Factors, Anthropometry, Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Psychology, Child, Child, Preschool, DNA, Educational Status, Genotype, Hippocampus, Humans, Income, Models, Neurological, Organ Size, Parents, Poverty, Psychological Tests, Regression Analysis, Socioeconomic Factors, Young Adult

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Family income, parental education and brain structure in children and adolescents

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