The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 18 of the 46 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial
Open accessAbstract
Many patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) experience inadequate symptom relief from available treatments. Ketamine is a potent N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist with a potentially novel mechanism of action for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Therefore, we conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial in 18 adults with DSM-5 SAD and compared the effects between intravenous ketamine (0.5 mg/kg over 40 min) and placebo (normal saline) on social phobia symptoms. Ketamine and placebo infusions were administered in a random order with a 28-day washout period between infusions. Ratings of anxiety were assessed 3-h post-infusion and followed for 14 days. We used linear mixed models to assess the impact of ketamine and placebo on anxiety symptoms. Outcomes were blinded ratings on the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) and self-reported anxiety on a visual analog scale (VAS-Anxiety). We also used the Wilcoxon signed-rank test to compare the proportion of treatment responders. Based on prior studies, we defined response as a greater than 35% LSAS reduction and 50% VAS-Anxiety reduction. We found ketamine resulted in a significantly greater reduction in anxiety relative to placebo on the LSAS (Time × Treatment: F 9,115 =2.6, p=0.01) but not the VAS-Anxiety (Time × Treatment: F 10,141 =0.4, p=0.95). Participants were significantly more likely to exhibit a treatment response after ketamine infusion relative to placebo in the first 2 weeks fol…
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Claims the paper makes
39 Own result · 14 No full text of the sources · 11 Own method · 9 Own interpretation · 7 Partly supported · 4 Supported · 3 Supported so far · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Roughly one-third to one-half of patients with SAD do not experience significant clinical benefit from current evidence-based treatment for SAD such as pharmacotherapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) or venlafaxine and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) (Kelly et al, 2014;Roy-Byrne et al, 2010;Taylor et al, 2015;Taylor et al, 2017b).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kelly et al, 2014 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Roy-Byrne et al, 2010 source
- Partly supportedcites Taylor et al, 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods report that CALM offered CBT and/or pharmacotherapy, including SSRIs, and that 36% of participants with anxiety disorders met the remission criterion at six months. The Discussion includes SAD among those disorders, but neither passage establishes that one-third to one-half of patients with SAD failed to obtain significant clinical benefit from SSRIs, venlafaxine, or CBT. Nonremission across the mixed-disorder sample is not the same measure or population as the claimed SAD-specific lack of benefit. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Converging lines of evidence from neuroimaging and pharmacological studies support the importance of glutamate abnormalities in the pathogenesis of SAD (Freitas-Ferrari et al, 2010).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Freitas-Ferrari et al, 2010 source
The Discussion concludes that the findings suggest an important role for glutamate in SAD pathophysiology. Section 3.4 reports elevated glutamate or glutamine in patients in MRS studies and a decrease in elevated thalamic glutamine after anxiolytic treatment, supporting the claim’s neuroimaging and pharmacological components. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A power analysis based on ketamine's antidepressant effects was used to determine the sample size of 18 (Murrough et al, 2013a;Zarate et al, 2006).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > Overview
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Murrough et al, 2013a sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Statistical Analysis section says the authors used estimated ketamine effects to calculate statistical power, but their planned study group was 72 patients, not 18. The source supports the use of a power analysis, not the attributed sample size. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Partly supportedcites Zarate et al, 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Efficacy and Comment sections report ketamine’s antidepressant effects, including effect sizes, which could inform a later power analysis. But this paper does not report a power analysis determining a sample size of 18; Patient Selection says its own study initially planned to include 22 patients and describes an interim analysis. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirectn = 18- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Several clinical studies suggest that ketamine may also have significant anxiolytic effects.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Salvadore et al, 2009 source
- Supportedcites Zarate et al, 2006 source
The EFFICACY section reports that psychic anxiety improved significantly with ketamine in this clinical trial of people with treatment-resistant depression. That supports the hedged claim that clinical studies suggest ketamine may have anxiolytic effects; this paper supplies one study, not evidence by itself of several. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgedconditionaln = 11- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The lack of efficacy in our trial is likely due the fact that in our study most patients had mild to moderate depression as opposed to the more severe treatment-resistant major depression studied in ketamine clinical trials (Murrough et al, 2013a;Murrough et al, 2013b;Zarate et al, 2006).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Murrough et al, 2013a source
The Results (Study Participants) describe the patients as having moderate-to-severe symptoms, and the Discussion identifies them as treatment-resistant. This supports the cited paper’s role as an example of a ketamine trial in patients with more severe treatment-resistant depression. The citing authors’ explanation for the lack of efficacy in their own trial is their inference, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Supportedcites Murrough et al, 2013b source
The Introduction says patients with treatment-resistant depression have more severe symptoms than non-treatment-resistant patients. The Participants section confirms that this ketamine study enrolled patients with major depression who had not responded to at least two antidepressants. The citing authors’ explanation for their own trial’s lack of efficacy is their inference, not a finding attributed to this paper. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites Zarate et al, 2006 source
The Patient Selection section reports that participants had to score at least 18 on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and have failed at least two adequate antidepressant trials. The Patients section reports a mean of 5.7 lifetime antidepressant trials. These passages support citing Zarate et al. as a ketamine trial in patients with more severe, treatment-resistant major depression; the explanation for the citing authors’ own trial result is their conclusion, not a finding attributed to Zarate et al. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedgedconditionaln = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of ketamine for treatment-resistant depression (Zarate et al, 2006).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Zarate et al, 2006 source
The EFFICACY section reports that 71% of ketamine-treated participants met response criteria one day after infusion, compared with none receiving placebo. The COMMENT section describes the study as involving treatment-resistant subjects and says its finding confirms an earlier study’s rapid antidepressant response to ketamine. (LLM, conf=0.88)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other primary outcomes (VAS: mean difference = 5.76, t = 0.58, df = 15, p = 0.57) and secondary outcomes (HDRS--17: mean difference = -0.15,t = -0.08,df = 15, p = 0.94 and STAI-S: mean difference = 4.26, t = 1.14, df = 15, p = 0.27) did not demonstrate evidence of significant carryover effects.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > Carryover Effects
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was evidence of significant carryover effects on the LSAS at 28 days following initial infusion but not with other outcome measures.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > Carryover Effects
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ketamine resulted in a significantly greater reduction in anxiety when compared to placebo as assessed by blinded ratings on the LSAS but not on self-reported VAS-anxiety measures.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ketamine significantly reduced the LSAS Social Anxiety (Time: F 8,122 = 2.0, p = 0.06 and Time × Treatment: F 9,116 = 3.1, p = 0.002) and Social Avoidance (Time: F 8,120 = 1.8, p = 0.08 and Time × Treatment: F 9,116 = 2.3, p = 0.02) subscales but not the LSAS Performance Anxiety (Time: F 8,121 = 2.1, p = 0.04 and Time × Treatment: F 9,116 = 1.5, p = 0.16) and Performance Avoidance (Time: F 8,122 =”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > Blinded Clinical Ratings of Social Anxiety
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The modification of the LSAS to ask about symptoms since the previous assessment does not invalidate its use as a measure of social anxiety.
- Rests on an assumption: Blinding of participants and raters was maintained despite ketamine's dissociative side effects.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 19
- It may state two separate claims as one. 19
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Ketamine's antidepressant effects peak 1 day following infusion and typically dissipate 1-2 weeks after a single infusion (Kishimoto et al, 2016).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Kishimoto et al, 2016 source
The Results (‘Change in depressive symptoms’) report that the benefit of a single ketamine infusion peaked at day 1, remained significant through days 5–8, and was no longer significantly different from placebo at days 10–12 or 14–15. This supports the cited 1–2-week time course as a summary of the pooled comparison with placebo, rather than a precise duration for every patient. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Ketamine's antidepressant effect is observed long after ketamine has been metabolized and excreted from the body and after ketamine's sedative and dissociative effects have dissipated (Krystal et al, 2013).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Krystal et al, 2013 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “NMDA receptor antagonists as rapid-acting antidepressants” (page unavailable), the paper says antidepressant effects emerge after ketamine’s psychotigenic and euphoric effects disappear and may last days or longer. It does not establish that ketamine has been metabolized and excreted by then, or specifically discuss the dissipation of sedative effects. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Ketamine's anxiolytic effects have also been supported by placebo-controlled trials which demonstrated that the psychic anxiety item on the 21item HAM-D significantly improved after ketamine infusion (compared to saline); the psychic anxiety item was one of only four items to improve (Zarate et al, 2006).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Zarate et al, 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In controlled clinical studies ketamine has produced a rapid antidepressant effect in unipolar and bipolar depression (Abdallah et al, 2016;Berman et al, 2000;Carreno et al, 2015;Dwyer et al, 2017;Krystal et al, 2013;Maeng and Zarate, 2007;Milak et al, 2015;Murrough et al, 2013a;Murrough et al, 2013b;Niciu et al, 2014;Sanacora et al, 2016;Valentine et al, 2011;Zarate et al, 2006).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Abdallah et al, 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction reports rapid antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (unipolar depression), with peak response rates within 24 hours. The Results also report reduced depression severity after ketamine, but this paper does not report a controlled comparison in its own study or ketamine outcomes in bipolar depression. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Berman et al, 2000 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Carreno et al, 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Several ketamine-like glutamate modulators, including AXS-05 and esketamine, are under investigation by pharmaceutical companies and in Clinical Trial phases II and III for depression (Liu et al, 2016;Murrough, 2016).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Liu et al, 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes GLYX-13 as a glutamatergic compound with preliminary evidence of antidepressant effects in patients, and the Funding section identifies support from Naurex. This supports the general point that a ketamine-related glutamate modulator was being investigated for depression. The paper does not identify AXS-05 or esketamine or establish phase II or III trial status for them. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Murrough, 2016 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Increased exposure to social activities is a treatment for SAD (eg CBT) (Peris et al, 2015;Roy-Byrne et al, 2010;Taylor et al, 2015;Taylor et al, 2017b)”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Peris et al, 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that exposure tasks are central to CBT and were followed by faster improvement in youth anxiety symptoms and impairment. The Methods (Participants) include youth with social phobia, but the paper does not specifically evaluate increased social activities as a treatment for social anxiety disorder; its exposure findings concern a mixed youth anxiety sample. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Roy-Byrne et al, 2010 source
- Partly supportedcites Taylor et al, 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods (page not provided) say that patients with anxiety disorders, including SAD, could receive CBT as part of collaborative care. The paper does not describe increased exposure to social activities as a treatment component, so it supports the CBT example but not the specific exposure claim. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The results of the study are consistent with previous work suggesting that ketamine has anxiolytic effects in patients with major depression (Salvadore et al, 2009;Zarate et al, 2006).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Salvadore et al, 2009 source
- Supportedcites Zarate et al, 2006 source
The EFFICACY section reports that psychic anxiety improved significantly with ketamine in patients with treatment-resistant major depression. This supports the citing sentence’s qualified suggestion of an anxiolytic effect; the finding concerns a symptom of anxiety rather than a separate anxiety-disorder diagnosis. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Prior work has also found that ketamine reduced OCD symptoms (Bloch et al, 2012;Rodriguez et al, 2013).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Bloch et al, 2012 source
The Results section reports a significant acute reduction in OCD symptoms after ketamine infusion. The improvement was transient, and none of the 10 participants met the study’s criterion for an OCD response; the claim does not assert a sustained or clinically meaningful response. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rodriguez et al, 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ketamine was safe and generally well tolerated by all subjects, and all ketamine infusions were completed.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > Safety and Tolerability
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sixteen of 18 (88.89%)subjects experienced a treatment response as indicated by a greater than 50% reduction on the VAS after ketamine infusion compared to 9 of 17 (52.94%)subjects receiving placebo.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > Self-Reported Ratings of Anxiety
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Blinding of participants and raters was maintained despite ketamine's dissociative side effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The LSAS measures demonstrated significant carryover effects 28 days following infusion with an effect size = 0.93 at 14 days.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no significant differences in reducing depressive symptoms when results were examined in both phases of the crossover trial (Time: F 8,56.9 = 2.0, p = 0.07, Treatment: F 1,12.4 = 1.5, p = 0.24 and Time × Treatment: F 8,56.9 = 1.0, p = 0.49) or restricted to phase 1 (Time: F 8,56.9 = 2.0, p = 0.07 and Time × Treatment: F 9,54.6 = 0.9, p = 0.52).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > Depression Severity
plainn = 12- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ketamine also demonstrated significantly greater number of treatment responders as assessed by both LSAS and VAS ratings.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most common side effects of ketamine were paresthesias and numbness (n = 9), feeling disconnected from reality (n = 7), vision changes (n = 6), feeling confused/difficulties thinking (n = 6), dizziness (n = 6), distorted sense of time (n = 4), tachycardia 4100 beats per minute (n = 4, max heart rate 120), diastolic hypertension 490 mm Hg (n = 3, max diastolic blood pressure 106), bouts of laug”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > Safety and Tolerability
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ketamine demonstrated significantly greater dissociative side effects compared to placebo on the CADSS (Time: F 4,131 = 19.5, po0.001,Treatment: F 1,73 = 6.3, p = 0.01 and Time × Treatment: F 4,131 = 13.1, po0.01) that peaked during infusion (1 h: difference = 7.25 ± 0.70, ES = 2.53, F = 56.1,po0.001) and dissipated within 2 h following infusion (2 h: difference = 0.02 ± 0.70, ES = 0, F = 0, p = 0”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > Safety and Tolerability
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ketamine and placebo infusions were administered in a random order with a 28-day washout period between infusions.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Randomization was conducted by the Yale Investigational Drug Service and kept separate from any other investigators involved in the trial.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > Overview
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Randomized, placebo-controlled trials also suggest the possible benefit of ketamine for treating symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (Feder et al, 2014;Rodriguez et al, 2013).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Ketamine is a potent antagonist of the N-methyl-Daspartate receptor, a major type of glutamate receptor in the brain (Gould et al, 2017).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gould et al, 2017 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Others have documented elevated thalamic glutamine levels in patients with SAD (Pollack et al, 2008).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pollack et al, 2008 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, participants were instructed to not discuss any aspects of the infusion with blinded raters in order to avoid inadvertent unblinding by the patient discussing dissociative symptoms that frequently occurred during ketamine infusions.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > Assessments
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinded raters were not present for the 3 h following infusions and conducted assessments at a site different from the clinical unit where the infusion took place.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > Assessments
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ketamine and placebo infusions were administered in a random order with a 28-day washout period between infusions.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition to these dissociative properties, multiple controlled clinical studies indicate that ketamine effectively reduces symptoms of depression and is particularly effective in anxious depression (Ionescu et al, 2014).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ionescu et al, 2014 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The LSAS (Heimberg et al, 1999;Mennin et al, 2002), VAS (Cella and Perry, 1986;Davey et al, 2007;Williams et al, 2010), and STAI-S (Spielberger, 1983) have demonstrated reliability and validity.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > Assessments
What the sources say
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, a 2017 study of 12 adults with generalized anxiety disorder and/or social anxiety found ketamine reduced anxiety symptoms; however, the study was open label and there was no placebo control (Glue et al, 2017).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Glue et al, 2017 source
plaindirectn = 12- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this is a small, proof-ofconcept study that did not show significant benefit on all outcome measures”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, a 2017 study of 12 adults with generalized anxiety disorder and/or social anxiety found ketamine reduced anxiety symptoms; however, the study was open label and there was no placebo control (Glue et al, 2017).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Glue et al, 2017 source
plainn = 12- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our findings suggest ketamine-like compounds may also be effective in SAD and could be investigated for other anxiety disorders.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, Rodriguez et al, 2013 found post-infusion ratings were lower 1 week post-infusion on the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) (Rodriguez et al, 2013).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rodriguez et al, 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This functional unblinding may affect self-report measures (eg VAS) as well as lead to possible reporting bias even on ratings conducted by blinded raters (eg LSAS, HDRS-17).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditionaln = 18- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A midazolam-controlled trial would not fully eliminate the issue of functional unblinding with ketamine but may reduce the issue somewhat.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditionaln = 18- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The modification of the LSAS to ask about symptoms since the previous assessment does not invalidate its use as a measure of social anxiety.
“LSAS typically assesses symptoms during the prior week; however, the scale was modified so that participants were asked about their symptoms during the time since previous assessment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Blinding of participants and raters was maintained despite ketamine's dissociative side effects.
“Also, participants were instructed to not discuss any aspects of the infusion with blinded raters in order to avoid inadvertent unblinding by the patient discussing dissociative symptoms that frequently occurred during ketamine infusions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Inadequate anxiety relief in patients with SAD is a source of substantial morbidity, distress, and decreases in quality of life.
“Inadequate anxiety relief in patients with SAD is a source of substantial morbidity, distress, and decreases in quality of life.”
The paper relies on this without support.
This is the first placebo-controlled study to investigate ketamine's efficacy in patients with a DSM-5 anxiety disorder.
“To our knowledge, this is the first placebo-controlled study to investigate ketamine's efficacy in patients with a DSM-5 anxiety disorder.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“one randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial (n = 18) found that ketamine effectively decreased ratings of anxiety within three hours”
From Ketamine in neuropsychiatric disorders: an update (2024) · cites this paper as [98]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“an effect that was maintained for up to two days postinfusion [98]”
From Ketamine in neuropsychiatric disorders: an update (2024) · cites this paper as [98]
In the citing paper
“Ketamine was also shown to reduce anxiety symptoms in adults with treatment-refractory GAD (Glue et al., 2017) and with SAD, with reported increased social engagement on subsequent days (Taylor et al., 2018).”
From Novel pharmacological targets in drug development for the treatment of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders (2019) · cites this paper as Taylor et al., 2018
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentz = 2.24reported p = .025 · recomputed p = .025
“z = 2.24, p = .025”
- Consistentz = 2.12reported p = .034 · recomputed p = .034
“z = 2.12, p = .034”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“| Characteristic | N = 18 | | n = 9 | | n = 9 | | | Continuous variables | Mean | Std Dev | Mean | Std Dev | Mean | Std Dev | | Age (years) | 29.72 | 11.05 | 28.67 | 8.66 | 30.78 | 13.50 | | LSAS | 90.67 | 16.94 | 87.44 | 14.53 | 93.89 | 19.37 | | VAS-Anxiety | 50.00 | 18.94 | 57.78 | 19.70 | 47.22 | 18.89 |”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > FUNDING AND DISCLOSURE
Reported 50 · recomputed 52.5
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The Neurobiology and Pharmacotherapy of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
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“Reduced anxiety has previously been reported with ketamine (Glue et al., 2017; Taylor et al., 2018); however, we saw significant changes only in FQ and no large changes in HAM-A scores.”
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“Additionally, ketamine effectively reduced the symptoms of anxiety in patients with social anxiety disorder for at least two weeks (Taylor et al., 2017).”
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“Taylor and colleagues compared a single IV ketamine dose with placebo and also presented evidence that ketamine may be effective in reducing anxiety (Taylor et al., 2018).”
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Ketamine effects on anxiety and fear-related behaviors: Current literature evidence and new findings
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Repurposing Potential of Ketamine: Opportunities and Challenges
Gautam, C. S., Mahajan, S. S., Sharma, J., Singh, H., & Singh, J. (2019) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijpsym.ijpsym_228_19 · Cited by 32
“[53,54] In a randomized, double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial in patients of a social anxiety disorder (SAD), it was observed that ketamine infusion, compared to placebo, showed a significant benefit in SAD symptoms in the first 14 days.[55] However, there is a need for active (e.”
BackgroundVankawala, J., Naples, G., Avila-Quintero, V. J., Ramírez, K. L., Flores, J. M., Bloch, M. H., & Dwyer, J. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.549080 · Cited by 30
Self-citationClinical Uses of Ketamine in Children: A Narrative Review
Bali, A., Dang, A. K., Gonzalez, D. A., Kumar, R., & Asif, S. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.27065 · Cited by 37
“A double-blinded trial with 12 patients having treatment-resistant generalized anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder elucidated that the administration of ketamine improved the anxiety rating of the participants within an hour, with the effects lasting for up to one week [67, 68].”
BackgroundTargeting NMDA Receptors in Emotional Disorders: Their Role in Neuroprotection
Wang, S., Bian, L.-H., Yin, Y., & Guo, J. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12101329 · Cited by 33
“Ketamine Non-competitive NMDA channel blocker Reducing anxiety in treatment-resistant generalized anxiety and social anxiety disorders [86,94]”
BackgroundHighland, K. B., Soumoff, A. A., Spinks, E. A., Kemezis, P. A., & Buckenmaier, C. C. (2019) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000004327 · Cited by 28
Efficacy and Safety of Psychedelics in Treating Anxiety Disorders
Feulner, L., Sermchaiwong, T., Rodland, N., & Galarneau, D. W. (2023) · Ochsner Journal · doi:10.31486/toj.23.0076 · Cited by 32
Registered clinical trials investigating ketamine for psychiatric disorders
Peyrovian, B., McIntyre, R. S., Phan, L., Lui, L. M. W., Gill, H., Majeed, A., Chen-Li, D. C. J., Nasri, F., & Rosenblat, J. D. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.03.020 · Cited by 27
Pharmacotherapy of Anxiety Disorders: Current and Emerging Treatment Options
Garakani, A., Murrough, J. W., Freire, R. C. R., Thom, R. P., Larkin, K., Buono, F. D., & Iosifescu, D. V. (2021) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.19203 · Cited by 29
A transdiagnostic systematic review and meta-analysis of ketamine’s anxiolytic effects
Hartland, H., Mahdavi, K., Jelen, L. A., Strawbridge, R., Young, A. H., & Alexander, L. (2023) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811231161627 · Cited by 30
“Meanwhile, Taylor et al. (2018) (n = 18) found that, starting at 10 days post-infusion, participants with SAD receiving ketamine demonstrated significantly greater reductions in overall Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS; Heimberg et al., 1999) scores compared to those receiving placebo.”
BackgroundInfluentialKetamine and rapid acting antidepressants: Are we ready to cure, rather than treat depression?
Abdallah, C. G., & Krystal, J. H. (2020) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112628 · Cited by 23
A Systematic Review of Pharmacologic Treatments for School Refusal Behavior
Londono Tobon, A., Reed, M. O., Taylor, J. H., & Bloch, M. H. (2018) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2017.0160 · Cited by 22
“Finally, given that many youth with school refusal and comorbid anxiety and depression do not respond to SSRIs and TCAs, antidepressant and anxiolytic agents with novel mechanisms of action should be considered for future studies (Dwyer et al. 2017; Taylor et al. 2018).”
BackgroundSelf-citationGlavonic, E., Mitić, M., & Adžić, M. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.25017 · Cited by 21
Panic Disorder: A Review of Treatment Options
Ziffra, M. (2021) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.12788/acp.0014 · Cited by 29
“The available data consists largely of case reports and small open-label studies.(62-67) The few published studies focus on ketamine specifically, and none focus exclusively on PD.”
Chen, L., Ke, Y., Ma, H., Gao, L., Zhou, Y., Zhu, H., Liu, H., Zhang, F., & Zhou, W. (2021) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2021.602708 · Cited by 18
“…processing in a wide range of forebrain areas (Wenk et al., 1997; Hasselmo, 1999; Yu and Dayan, 2005) and have been assumed to undergo moderate degenerative changes during aging, which has been related to the progression of memory deficits with aging (Teipel et al., 2005; Grothe et al., 2013).”
BackgroundAsleep DBS under ketamine sedation: Proof of concept
Erdman, H. B., Kornilov, E., Kahana, E., Zarchi, O., Reiner, J., Faust‐Socher, A., Strauss, I., Firman, S., Israel, Z. H., Bergman, H., et al. (2022) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105747 · Cited by 20
Oral ketamine may offer a solution to the ketamine conundrum
Dutton, M., Can, A., Lagopoulos, J., & Hermens, D. F. (2023) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-023-06480-x · Cited by 22
“Its rapid acting antidepressant effects have been well documented in the treatment of depression and other stress related disorders via intravenous (IV) dosing (Murrough et al. 2013; Feder et al. 2014; Taylor et al. 2018).”
BackgroundChen, M., Lin, W.-C., Wu, H.-J., Bai, Y., Li, C., Tsai, S., Hong, C., Tu, P., Cheng, C., & Su, T. (2020) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852920001194 · Cited by 20
“The therapeutic efficacy of low-dose ketamine infusion in anxiety disorders and anxious distress accompanying depression has remained unclear.(19,20) Glue et al(19) discovered preliminary positive results of ketamine infusion in refractory generalized anxiety disorder and/or social anxiety disorder with a dose–respons…”
BackgroundKetamine for PTSD: Well, Isn’t That Special
Stein, M. B., & Simon, N. M. (2021) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20121677 · Cited by 18
Ketamine: A Review for Clinicians
Sanacora, G., & Katz, R. R. (2018) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20180012 · Cited by 17
“The authors reported a meaningful clinical response in 33% of the patients after ketamine administration, whereas there were no responders after placebo administration (70).”
BackgroundMarchi, M., Magarini, F. M., Galli, G., Mordenti, F., Travascio, A., Uberti, D., Micheli, E. D., Pingani, L., Ferrari, S., & Galeazzi, G. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.1011103 · Cited by 18
“Furthermore, by pooling results of 6 RCTs, ketamine may be e ective in reducing anxiety symptoms (SMD: −0.42 [95% CI: −0.84; 0.003]), particularly when administered not within ECT (5 trials; SMD: −0.58 [95% CI: −1.07; −0.09]).”
MethodInfluentialVila-Merkle, H., González-Martínez, A., Campos-Jiménez, R., Martínez‐Ricós, J., Teruel‐Martí, V., Blasco‐Serra, A., Lloret, A., Celada, P., & Cervera‐Ferri, A. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9070783 · Cited by 16
Brandley, E. T., Kirkland, A. E., Baron, M. I., Baraniuk, J. N., & Holton, K. F. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.926688 · Cited by 15
Yoon, G., Pittman, B. P., Ralevski, E., Petrakis, I. L., & Krystal, J. H. (2025) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyaf056 · Cited by 17
Oral ketamine reduces the experience of stress in people with chronic suicidality
Dutton, M., Can, A., Beaudequin, D. A., Jensen, E., Jones, M., Gallay, C. C., Schwenn, P., Scherman, J. K., Yang, C., Forsyth, G., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.018 · Cited by 14
Entactogen Effects of Ketamine: A Reverse-Translational Study
Hess, E. M., Greenstein, D. K., Hutchinson, O. L., Zarate, C. A., & Gould, T. D. (2024) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20230980 · Cited by 15
Camargo, A., Torrá, A. C. N. C., Dalmagro, A. P., Valverde, A. P., Kouba, B. R., Fraga, D. B., Alves, E. C., & Rodrigues, A. L. S. (2022) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110509 · Cited by 14
Truppman Lattie, D., Nehoff, H., Neehoff, S., Gray, A., & Glue, P. (2021) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881120953991 · Cited by 13
“…reported in patients with treatment-resistant obsessive compulsive disorder (Rodriguez et al., 2013), post-traumatic stress disorder (Feder et al., 2014), generalised anxiety disorder (GAD; Glue et al., 2017, 2020) and social anxiety disorder (SAD; Glue et al., 2017, 2020; Taylor et al., 2017).”
BackgroundIncreased Demand for Ketamine Infusions and Associated Complexities
Peskin, E., Gudin, J. A., & Schatman, M. E. (2023) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s403323 · Cited by 14
Tsang, V. W. L., Ragazan, D. C., Kryskow, P., Walsh, Z., & Dames, S. (2023) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2023.2253798 · Cited by 14
“…(Dames, Kryskow, and Watler 2022) required a primary care provider referral and documented history of depression (Feder et al. 2014), anxiety (Taylor et al. 2018), obsessive-compulsive disorder (Bloch et al. 2012), suicidality (Wilkinson et al. 2018), PTSD (Feder et al. 2014), and/or…”
Hovda, N., Gerrish, W. G., Frizzell, W., & Shackelford, R. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.120 · Cited by 13
Kornilov, E., Erdman, H. B., Kahana, E., Fireman, S., Zarchi, O., Israelashvili, M., Reiner, J., Glik, A., Weiss, P., Paz, R., et al. (2024) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.29746 · Cited by 18
Hussain, S., Gale, C. K., Sarma, S., Smith, J. P., Bayes, A. J., & Loo, C. K. A. (2025) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674251333577 · Cited by 10
Panic disorder: A review of treatment options.
Ziffra, M. (2021) · PubMed · doi:10.127788/acp.0014 · Cited by 10
Polak, M., Tanzer, N. K., & Carlbring, P. (2022) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.1259 · Cited by 9
Elwyn, R., Mitchell, J., Kohn, M. R., Driver, C., Hay, P., Lagopoulos, J., & Hermens, D. F. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105122 · Cited by 10
Ketamine modulates the exploratory dynamics and homebase-related behaviors of adult zebrafish
Pretzel, C. W., Borba, J. V., Resmim, C. M., de Abreu, M. S., Kalueff, A. V., Fontana, B. D., Canzian, J., & Rosemberg, D. B. (2024) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173892 · Cited by 9
Flowers, J. C., Vetter, P. E., Wiles, M. J., Roh, S. H., Black, E. R., Bouckova, E., Wustrau, M. H., Lee, R., Lee, S.-H., & Kim, S. (2025) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202501763r · Cited by 11
Ketamine in Clinical Practice: Transitioning from Anesthetic Agent to Psychiatric Therapeutic
Quintero, J.-M., Bustos, R., Lechtig, S., Beltran, S., & Zarate, C. A. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009585330.007 · Cited by 12
General anesthesia activates a central anxiolytic center in the BNST
Lu, D., Lavergne, C. G. U., Choi, S., Park, J. H., Kim, J., Zhao, S., Desimone, Q., Lendaro, E., Chen, B., Han, B.-X., et al. (2024) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114909 · Cited by 8
Carvalho, F. R., Nóbrega, C., & Martins, A. T. (2020) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112808 · Cited by 6
Gonçalves, K. T. D. C., Tavares, V. D. D. O., Barros, M. L. D. M., de Brito, A. J. C., Cavalcanti-Ribeiro, P., Palhano-Fontes, F., Falchi-Carvalho, M., Arcoverde, E., SANTOS, R. G. D., Hallak, J. E. C., et al. (2024) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-024-01925-6 · Cited by 9
“%) found no association [2, 45, 49–51, 54, 57, 59, 60, 64], and 1 (4”
InfluentialGlavonic, E., Dragić, M., Mitić, M., Aleksic, M., Lukić, I., Ivković, S., & Adžić, M. (2024) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph17060669 · Cited by 7
“Ketamine, a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, has recently emerged as a promising candidate for relieving anxiety [27–29] and significantly reducing the symptoms of PTSD [30–32].”
BackgroundKetamine for the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Kwan, A. T. H., Lakhani, M., Singh, G., Le, G. H., Wong, S., Teopiz, K. M., Dev, D. A., Manku, A. S., Sidhu, G., & McIntyre, R. S. (2024) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852924000580 · Cited by 8
Bozzatello, P., Novelli, R., Schisano, R., Brasso, C., Rocca, P., & Bellino, S. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18050665 · Cited by 7
“…side effects were agitation [120,123], irritability, constipation [123], dissociative symptoms, blurred vision, drowsiness, nausea and vomiting [120,121], numbness, feeling of confusion/difficulty thinking, dizziness, distortion of the sense of time, tachycardia, hearing distortion, visual…”
InfluentialDepression and Anxiety Disorders
Karamustafalıoğlu, O., & Yumrukçal, H. (2025) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119870203.mpg003.pub2 · Cited by 8
Mendis, K., Gnanapragasam, M. A., Keerthirathne, D. H. G. A. N., Madushani, L. A. N., Piyasekara, G. M. T. M., Senanayake, S., Bandara, C., Abeytunga, T. U., Gunaratna, T. A. N. R., & Jayakody, T. (2025) · Phytomedicine Plus · doi:10.1016/j.phyplu.2025.100794 · Cited by 6
Amel, A. K., & Hosseini, F. (2023) · Advanced Biomedical Research · doi:10.4103/abr.abr_388_22 · Cited by 5
“Talor et al.[40] (2018) compared the results of a ketamine injection (0.5 mg/kg) with those of a Placebo among 18 adult patients with SAD and reported the effectiveness of ketamine on anxiety reduction.”
ResultInfluentialClinical use of ketamine in psychiatric disorders
Dehestani, S., Mohammadpour, A. H., Sadjadi, S. A., Sathyapalan, T., & Sahebkar, A. (2022) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2022.05.008 · Cited by 6
Insights for the Next Generation of Ketamine for the Treatment of Depressive Disorder
Martins, A. C. F., Badenoch, B., & Gomes, R. D. S. (2025) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c02467 · Cited by 4
Prefrontal ErbB4-positive interneurons for avoidance
Cui, W., Shen, C., Xiong, W., & Mei, L. (2025) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115628 · Cited by 4
Kornilov, E., Erdman, H. B., Kahana, E., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.08.26.23294660 · Cited by 4
Ketamine's Altered States Meta-Analysis
Tavares, V. D. D. O., Gonçalves, K. T. D. C., Barros, M. L. D. M., de Brito, A. J. C., Cavalcanti-Ribeiro, P., Palhano-Fontes, F., Falchi-Carvalho, M., Nunes, E. A., Sarris, J. J., Perkins, D., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000001946 · Cited by 3
RETRACTED–Effect of ketamine on anxiety: findings from the Ketamine for Adult Depression Study
Mills, N. T., Nikolin, S., Glozier, N., Barton, D., Baune, B. T., Fitzgerald, P. B., Glue, P., Sarma, S., Rodgers, A., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., et al. (2025) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2024.250 · Cited by 4
“22 An open-label study of ketamine also found a reduction in anxiety in individuals with SAD and/or treatment-resistant GAD who were not currently depressed, with a greater effect of ketamine observed at higher doses.”
RetractedLee, R., Wiles, M. J., Black, E. R., Roh, S. H., Bouckova, E., Wustrau, M. H., Flowers, J. C., Vetter, P. E., Lee, J., Han, B.-C., et al. (2025) · Journal of Ginseng Research · doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2025.10.002 · Cited by 3
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The effects of psychosocial stress on item, cued‐pair and emotional memory
McManus, E., Talmi, D., Haroon, H. A., & Muhlert, N. (2021) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15318 · Cited by 3
Andreoli, G., Kasch, C., Lindsay, C. E., & Hofmann, S. G. (2026) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2025.2604303 · Cited by 2
“These findings may reflect a broader interest in new pharmacological interventions (e.g., [46]), and a decrease in the focus on second-or third-line treatments.”
Caldiroli, A., Capuzzi, E., Tagliabue, I., Ledda, L., Clerici, M., & Buoli, M. (2023) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2022.2159373 · Cited by 2
“[53] on 18 patients with SAD (moderate quality score) demonstrated that intravenous ketamine (0.”
BackgroundProphylactic Ketamine: Current Knowledge and Future Directions
Cardona-Acosta, A. M., Parise, L. F., Bolaños‐Guzmán, C. A., & Parise, E. M. (2025) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.03.015 · Cited by 2
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The Affective Disorder Test: a new test to assess depression and anxiety-like behaviour in rats
Blackburne, K. (2021) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.16840765.v1 · Cited by 2
General anesthetics and therapeutic gases
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Metadata
- Authors
- Taylor, J. H., Landeros-Weisenberger, A., Coughlin, C., Mulqueen, J., Johnson, J. A., Gabriel, D., Reed, M. O., Jakubovski, E., & Bloch, M. H.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Taylor, Jerome H
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neuropsychopharmacology
- Published
- 2017-08-29
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 325-333
- ISSN
- 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
- 1740-634X
- PMC
- PMC5729569
- OpenAlex
- W2752700145
- Semantic Scholar
- 478a5261ae9b2bac8155c1e47216f6d3b3fa5e5e
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 7.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Robert E. Leet and Clara Guthrie Patterson Trust
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR001863)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH091240, T32MH019112, R25MH077823, T32MH019961, T32MH018268)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies
- Keywords
- ketamine, social anxiety disorder, NMDA receptor antagonists, intravenous infusion, anxiety symptoms, treatment response, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale
- MeSH terms
- Phobia, Social, Adult, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Ketamine, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Cross-Over Studies, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, Young Adult
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