The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 18 of the 46 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial
Open accessAbstract
Many patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) experience inadequate symptom relief from available treatments. Ketamine is a potent N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist with a potentially novel mechanism of action for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Therefore, we conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial in 18 adults with DSM-5 SAD and compared the effects between intravenous ketamine (0.5 mg/kg over 40 min) and placebo (normal saline) on social phobia symptoms. Ketamine and placebo infusions were administered in a random order with a 28-day washout period between infusions. Ratings of anxiety were assessed 3-h post-infusion and followed for 14 days. We used linear mixed models to assess the impact of ketamine and placebo on anxiety symptoms. Outcomes were blinded ratings on the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) and self-reported anxiety on a visual analog scale (VAS-Anxiety). We also used the Wilcoxon signed-rank test to compare the proportion of treatment responders. Based on prior studies, we defined response as a greater than 35% LSAS reduction and 50% VAS-Anxiety reduction. We found ketamine resulted in a significantly greater reduction in anxiety relative to placebo on the LSAS (Time × Treatment: F 9,115 =2.6, p=0.01) but not the VAS-Anxiety (Time × Treatment: F 10,141 =0.4, p=0.95). Participants were significantly more likely to exhibit a treatment response after ketamine infusion relative to placebo in the first 2 weeks fol…
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Claims the paper makes
18 of 46 cited sources checked · 9 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Roughly one-third to one-half of patients with SAD do not experience significant clinical benefit from current evidence-based treatment for SAD such as pharmacotherapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) or venlafaxine and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) (Kelly et al, 2014;Roy-Byrne et al, 2010;Taylor et al, 2015;Taylor et al, 2017b).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kelly et al, 2014 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Roy-Byrne et al, 2010 source
- Partly supportedcites Taylor et al, 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods report that CALM offered CBT and/or pharmacotherapy, including SSRIs, and that 36% of participants with anxiety disorders met the remission criterion at six months. The Discussion includes SAD among those disorders, but neither passage establishes that one-third to one-half of patients with SAD failed to obtain significant clinical benefit from SSRIs, venlafaxine, or CBT. Nonremission across the mixed-disorder sample is not the same measure or population as the claimed SAD-specific lack of benefit. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesEvery source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Converging lines of evidence from neuroimaging and pharmacological studies support the importance of glutamate abnormalities in the pathogenesis of SAD (Freitas-Ferrari et al, 2010).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Freitas-Ferrari et al, 2010 source
The Discussion concludes that the findings suggest an important role for glutamate in SAD pathophysiology. Section 3.4 reports elevated glutamate or glutamine in patients in MRS studies and a decrease in elevated thalamic glutamine after anxiolytic treatment, supporting the claim’s neuroimaging and pharmacological components. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A power analysis based on ketamine's antidepressant effects was used to determine the sample size of 18 (Murrough et al, 2013a;Zarate et al, 2006).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > Overview
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Murrough et al, 2013a sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Statistical Analysis section says the authors used estimated ketamine effects to calculate statistical power, but their planned study group was 72 patients, not 18. The source supports the use of a power analysis, not the attributed sample size. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Partly supportedcites Zarate et al, 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Efficacy and Comment sections report ketamine’s antidepressant effects, including effect sizes, which could inform a later power analysis. But this paper does not report a power analysis determining a sample size of 18; Patient Selection says its own study initially planned to include 22 patients and describes an interim analysis. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Several clinical studies suggest that ketamine may also have significant anxiolytic effects.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Salvadore et al, 2009 source
- Supportedcites Zarate et al, 2006 source
The EFFICACY section reports that psychic anxiety improved significantly with ketamine in this clinical trial of people with treatment-resistant depression. That supports the hedged claim that clinical studies suggest ketamine may have anxiolytic effects; this paper supplies one study, not evidence by itself of several. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesEvery source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The lack of efficacy in our trial is likely due the fact that in our study most patients had mild to moderate depression as opposed to the more severe treatment-resistant major depression studied in ketamine clinical trials (Murrough et al, 2013a;Murrough et al, 2013b;Zarate et al, 2006).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Murrough et al, 2013a source
The Results (Study Participants) describe the patients as having moderate-to-severe symptoms, and the Discussion identifies them as treatment-resistant. This supports the cited paper’s role as an example of a ketamine trial in patients with more severe treatment-resistant depression. The citing authors’ explanation for the lack of efficacy in their own trial is their inference, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Supportedcites Murrough et al, 2013b source
The Introduction says patients with treatment-resistant depression have more severe symptoms than non-treatment-resistant patients. The Participants section confirms that this ketamine study enrolled patients with major depression who had not responded to at least two antidepressants. The citing authors’ explanation for their own trial’s lack of efficacy is their inference, not a finding attributed to this paper. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites Zarate et al, 2006 source
The Patient Selection section reports that participants had to score at least 18 on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and have failed at least two adequate antidepressant trials. The Patients section reports a mean of 5.7 lifetime antidepressant trials. These passages support citing Zarate et al. as a ketamine trial in patients with more severe, treatment-resistant major depression; the explanation for the citing authors’ own trial result is their conclusion, not a finding attributed to Zarate et al. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of ketamine for treatment-resistant depression (Zarate et al, 2006).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Zarate et al, 2006 source
The EFFICACY section reports that 71% of ketamine-treated participants met response criteria one day after infusion, compared with none receiving placebo. The COMMENT section describes the study as involving treatment-resistant subjects and says its finding confirms an earlier study’s rapid antidepressant response to ketamine. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other primary outcomes (VAS: mean difference = 5.76, t = 0.58, df = 15, p = 0.57) and secondary outcomes (HDRS--17: mean difference = -0.15,t = -0.08,df = 15, p = 0.94 and STAI-S: mean difference = 4.26, t = 1.14, df = 15, p = 0.27) did not demonstrate evidence of significant carryover effects.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > Carryover Effects
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was evidence of significant carryover effects on the LSAS at 28 days following initial infusion but not with other outcome measures.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > Carryover Effects
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ketamine resulted in a significantly greater reduction in anxiety when compared to placebo as assessed by blinded ratings on the LSAS but not on self-reported VAS-anxiety measures.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ketamine significantly reduced the LSAS Social Anxiety (Time: F 8,122 = 2.0, p = 0.06 and Time × Treatment: F 9,116 = 3.1, p = 0.002) and Social Avoidance (Time: F 8,120 = 1.8, p = 0.08 and Time × Treatment: F 9,116 = 2.3, p = 0.02) subscales but not the LSAS Performance Anxiety (Time: F 8,121 = 2.1, p = 0.04 and Time × Treatment: F 9,116 = 1.5, p = 0.16) and Performance Avoidance (Time: F 8,122 =”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > Blinded Clinical Ratings of Social Anxiety
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The modification of the LSAS to ask about symptoms since the previous assessment does not invalidate its use as a measure of social anxiety.
- Rests on an assumption: Blinding of participants and raters was maintained despite ketamine's dissociative side effects.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 19
- It may state two separate claims as one. 19
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Ketamine's antidepressant effects peak 1 day following infusion and typically dissipate 1-2 weeks after a single infusion (Kishimoto et al, 2016).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Kishimoto et al, 2016 source
The Results (‘Change in depressive symptoms’) report that the benefit of a single ketamine infusion peaked at day 1, remained significant through days 5–8, and was no longer significantly different from placebo at days 10–12 or 14–15. This supports the cited 1–2-week time course as a summary of the pooled comparison with placebo, rather than a precise duration for every patient. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Ketamine's antidepressant effect is observed long after ketamine has been metabolized and excreted from the body and after ketamine's sedative and dissociative effects have dissipated (Krystal et al, 2013).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Krystal et al, 2013 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “NMDA receptor antagonists as rapid-acting antidepressants” (page unavailable), the paper says antidepressant effects emerge after ketamine’s psychotigenic and euphoric effects disappear and may last days or longer. It does not establish that ketamine has been metabolized and excreted by then, or specifically discuss the dissipation of sedative effects. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Ketamine's anxiolytic effects have also been supported by placebo-controlled trials which demonstrated that the psychic anxiety item on the 21item HAM-D significantly improved after ketamine infusion (compared to saline); the psychic anxiety item was one of only four items to improve (Zarate et al, 2006).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Zarate et al, 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In controlled clinical studies ketamine has produced a rapid antidepressant effect in unipolar and bipolar depression (Abdallah et al, 2016;Berman et al, 2000;Carreno et al, 2015;Dwyer et al, 2017;Krystal et al, 2013;Maeng and Zarate, 2007;Milak et al, 2015;Murrough et al, 2013a;Murrough et al, 2013b;Niciu et al, 2014;Sanacora et al, 2016;Valentine et al, 2011;Zarate et al, 2006).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Abdallah et al, 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction reports rapid antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (unipolar depression), with peak response rates within 24 hours. The Results also report reduced depression severity after ketamine, but this paper does not report a controlled comparison in its own study or ketamine outcomes in bipolar depression. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Berman et al, 2000 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Carreno et al, 2015 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Several ketamine-like glutamate modulators, including AXS-05 and esketamine, are under investigation by pharmaceutical companies and in Clinical Trial phases II and III for depression (Liu et al, 2016;Murrough, 2016).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Liu et al, 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes GLYX-13 as a glutamatergic compound with preliminary evidence of antidepressant effects in patients, and the Funding section identifies support from Naurex. This supports the general point that a ketamine-related glutamate modulator was being investigated for depression. The paper does not identify AXS-05 or esketamine or establish phase II or III trial status for them. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Murrough, 2016 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Increased exposure to social activities is a treatment for SAD (eg CBT) (Peris et al, 2015;Roy-Byrne et al, 2010;Taylor et al, 2015;Taylor et al, 2017b)”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Peris et al, 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that exposure tasks are central to CBT and were followed by faster improvement in youth anxiety symptoms and impairment. The Methods (Participants) include youth with social phobia, but the paper does not specifically evaluate increased social activities as a treatment for social anxiety disorder; its exposure findings concern a mixed youth anxiety sample. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Roy-Byrne et al, 2010 source
- Partly supportedcites Taylor et al, 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods (page not provided) say that patients with anxiety disorders, including SAD, could receive CBT as part of collaborative care. The paper does not describe increased exposure to social activities as a treatment component, so it supports the CBT example but not the specific exposure claim. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The results of the study are consistent with previous work suggesting that ketamine has anxiolytic effects in patients with major depression (Salvadore et al, 2009;Zarate et al, 2006).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Salvadore et al, 2009 source
- Supportedcites Zarate et al, 2006 source
The EFFICACY section reports that psychic anxiety improved significantly with ketamine in patients with treatment-resistant major depression. This supports the citing sentence’s qualified suggestion of an anxiolytic effect; the finding concerns a symptom of anxiety rather than a separate anxiety-disorder diagnosis. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Prior work has also found that ketamine reduced OCD symptoms (Bloch et al, 2012;Rodriguez et al, 2013).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Bloch et al, 2012 source
The Results section reports a significant acute reduction in OCD symptoms after ketamine infusion. The improvement was transient, and none of the 10 participants met the study’s criterion for an OCD response; the claim does not assert a sustained or clinically meaningful response. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rodriguez et al, 2013 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ketamine was safe and generally well tolerated by all subjects, and all ketamine infusions were completed.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > Safety and Tolerability
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sixteen of 18 (88.89%)subjects experienced a treatment response as indicated by a greater than 50% reduction on the VAS after ketamine infusion compared to 9 of 17 (52.94%)subjects receiving placebo.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > Self-Reported Ratings of Anxiety
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Blinding of participants and raters was maintained despite ketamine's dissociative side effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The LSAS measures demonstrated significant carryover effects 28 days following infusion with an effect size = 0.93 at 14 days.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no significant differences in reducing depressive symptoms when results were examined in both phases of the crossover trial (Time: F 8,56.9 = 2.0, p = 0.07, Treatment: F 1,12.4 = 1.5, p = 0.24 and Time × Treatment: F 8,56.9 = 1.0, p = 0.49) or restricted to phase 1 (Time: F 8,56.9 = 2.0, p = 0.07 and Time × Treatment: F 9,54.6 = 0.9, p = 0.52).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > Depression Severity
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 12Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ketamine also demonstrated significantly greater number of treatment responders as assessed by both LSAS and VAS ratings.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most common side effects of ketamine were paresthesias and numbness (n = 9), feeling disconnected from reality (n = 7), vision changes (n = 6), feeling confused/difficulties thinking (n = 6), dizziness (n = 6), distorted sense of time (n = 4), tachycardia 4100 beats per minute (n = 4, max heart rate 120), diastolic hypertension 490 mm Hg (n = 3, max diastolic blood pressure 106), bouts of laug”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > Safety and Tolerability
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 9Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ketamine demonstrated significantly greater dissociative side effects compared to placebo on the CADSS (Time: F 4,131 = 19.5, po0.001,Treatment: F 1,73 = 6.3, p = 0.01 and Time × Treatment: F 4,131 = 13.1, po0.01) that peaked during infusion (1 h: difference = 7.25 ± 0.70, ES = 2.53, F = 56.1,po0.001) and dissipated within 2 h following infusion (2 h: difference = 0.02 ± 0.70, ES = 0, F = 0, p = 0”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > Safety and Tolerability
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ketamine and placebo infusions were administered in a random order with a 28-day washout period between infusions.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Randomization was conducted by the Yale Investigational Drug Service and kept separate from any other investigators involved in the trial.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > Overview
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Randomized, placebo-controlled trials also suggest the possible benefit of ketamine for treating symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (Feder et al, 2014;Rodriguez et al, 2013).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Ketamine is a potent antagonist of the N-methyl-Daspartate receptor, a major type of glutamate receptor in the brain (Gould et al, 2017).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gould et al, 2017 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Others have documented elevated thalamic glutamine levels in patients with SAD (Pollack et al, 2008).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pollack et al, 2008 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, participants were instructed to not discuss any aspects of the infusion with blinded raters in order to avoid inadvertent unblinding by the patient discussing dissociative symptoms that frequently occurred during ketamine infusions.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > Assessments
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blinded raters were not present for the 3 h following infusions and conducted assessments at a site different from the clinical unit where the infusion took place.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > Assessments
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ketamine and placebo infusions were administered in a random order with a 28-day washout period between infusions.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition to these dissociative properties, multiple controlled clinical studies indicate that ketamine effectively reduces symptoms of depression and is particularly effective in anxious depression (Ionescu et al, 2014).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ionescu et al, 2014 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The LSAS (Heimberg et al, 1999;Mennin et al, 2002), VAS (Cella and Perry, 1986;Davey et al, 2007;Williams et al, 2010), and STAI-S (Spielberger, 1983) have demonstrated reliability and validity.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > Assessments
What the sources say
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, a 2017 study of 12 adults with generalized anxiety disorder and/or social anxiety found ketamine reduced anxiety symptoms; however, the study was open label and there was no placebo control (Glue et al, 2017).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Glue et al, 2017 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this is a small, proof-ofconcept study that did not show significant benefit on all outcome measures”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, a 2017 study of 12 adults with generalized anxiety disorder and/or social anxiety found ketamine reduced anxiety symptoms; however, the study was open label and there was no placebo control (Glue et al, 2017).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Glue et al, 2017 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 12Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our findings suggest ketamine-like compounds may also be effective in SAD and could be investigated for other anxiety disorders.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, Rodriguez et al, 2013 found post-infusion ratings were lower 1 week post-infusion on the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) (Rodriguez et al, 2013).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rodriguez et al, 2013 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This functional unblinding may affect self-report measures (eg VAS) as well as lead to possible reporting bias even on ratings conducted by blinded raters (eg LSAS, HDRS-17).”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A midazolam-controlled trial would not fully eliminate the issue of functional unblinding with ketamine but may reduce the issue somewhat.”
§ Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The modification of the LSAS to ask about symptoms since the previous assessment does not invalidate its use as a measure of social anxiety.
“LSAS typically assesses symptoms during the prior week; however, the scale was modified so that participants were asked about their symptoms during the time since previous assessment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Blinding of participants and raters was maintained despite ketamine's dissociative side effects.
“Also, participants were instructed to not discuss any aspects of the infusion with blinded raters in order to avoid inadvertent unblinding by the patient discussing dissociative symptoms that frequently occurred during ketamine infusions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Inadequate anxiety relief in patients with SAD is a source of substantial morbidity, distress, and decreases in quality of life.
“Inadequate anxiety relief in patients with SAD is a source of substantial morbidity, distress, and decreases in quality of life.”
The paper relies on this without support.
This is the first placebo-controlled study to investigate ketamine's efficacy in patients with a DSM-5 anxiety disorder.
“To our knowledge, this is the first placebo-controlled study to investigate ketamine's efficacy in patients with a DSM-5 anxiety disorder.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“one randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial (n = 18) found that ketamine effectively decreased ratings of anxiety within three hours”
From Ketamine in neuropsychiatric disorders: an update (2024) · cites this paper as [98]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“an effect that was maintained for up to two days postinfusion [98]”
From Ketamine in neuropsychiatric disorders: an update (2024) · cites this paper as [98]
In the citing paper
“Ketamine was also shown to reduce anxiety symptoms in adults with treatment-refractory GAD (Glue et al., 2017) and with SAD, with reported increased social engagement on subsequent days (Taylor et al., 2018).”
From Novel pharmacological targets in drug development for the treatment of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders (2019) · cites this paper as Taylor et al., 2018
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentz = 2.24reported p = .025 · recomputed p = .025
“z = 2.24, p = .025”
- Consistentz = 2.12reported p = .034 · recomputed p = .034
“z = 2.12, p = .034”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Overall baseline VAS mean does not match the two infusion-order groups
MinorThe two groups each contain nine participants, so their reported VAS-Anxiety means imply an overall mean of 52.50, not 50.00.
Reported 50 · recomputed 52.5
“| Characteristic | N = 18 | | n = 9 | | n = 9 | | | Continuous variables | Mean | Std Dev | Mean | Std Dev | Mean | Std Dev | | Age (years) | 29.72 | 11.05 | 28.67 | 8.66 | 30.78 | 13.50 | | LSAS | 90.67 | 16.94 | 87.44 | 14.53 | 93.89 | 19.37 | | VAS-Anxiety | 50.00 | 18.94 | 57.78 | 19.70 | 47.22 | 18.89 |”
Citations
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Aitken RC (1969). Measurement of feelings using visual analogue scales. Proc R Soc Med 62: 989.
- Taylor JH, Lebowitz ER, Silverman WK . Anxiety Disorders. In A. Martin, M.H. Bloch, F.R. Volkmar (eds.), Lewis’s child and adolescent psychiatry: A comprehensive textbook. 5th edition. Wolters Kluwer: Philadelphia, PA, 2017a, pp. 509–518..
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–142 of 142
Talaeı, A., Hoseini, F. F., Mahdavi, M., Salehi, M., Karimani, A., & Afzaljavan, F. (2023) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.18502/ijps.v18i4.13627 · Cited by 1
“Moreover, it was observed that Ketamine injection, compared to saline infusion, improved social anxiety; however, it did not influence the reduction of anxiety symptoms on the visual analog scale (40).”
BackgroundDölen, G., & Wilkinson, M. L. (2026) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-112723-045129 · Cited by 1
“For example, ketamine’s therapeutic effects are transient, with significant effects lasting only 1 week (Dakwar et al. 2017, Feder et al. 2014, Taylor et al. 2018, Zarate et al. 2006).”
Regen, F., & Benkert, O. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-61753-3_1 · Cited by 2
Glutamate Function in Anxiety Disorders and OCD: Evidence from Clinical and Translational Studies
Boff, T. C., Soares, S. J. B., Lima, M. D. M., & Ignácio, Z. M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-87480-3_19 · Cited by 4
Ketamine in Psychiatric Disorders
Danyeli, L. V., Götting, F. N., Şen, Z. D., Li, M., & Walter, M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62059-2_420 · Cited by 1
Ketamine blocks morphine-induced conditioned place preference and anxiety-like behaviors in micePreprint
McKendrick, G., Garrett, H., Jones, H. E., McDevitt, D. S., Sharma, S., Silberman, Y., & Graziane, N. M. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.01.22.915728 · Cited by 4
“…are biologically active as antagonists to NMDA receptors (Ebert et al., 1997) and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (Moaddel et al., 2013), while also possessing agonistic activity for α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors (Zanos et al., 2016;Tyler et al., 2017).”
BackgroundDepression and Anxiety Disorders
(2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119870203.mpg003 · Cited by 1
Plöderl, M., Cooper, R. E., Walker, T., Shah, V., Horowitz, M. A., Volkmann, C., & Moncrieff, J. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.08.19.25333796 · Cited by 1
Hall, S., Hawkins, K., Laws, G. C., Akitt, T., Simon, A., Davies, C. H., Whittington, M. A., & Cunningham, M. O. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/298612
Ketamine for Psychiatric Disorders
McShane, R. H. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781911623175.017
The Effects of Social Stress on Memory: If, How and WhenPreprint
McManus, E., Talmi, D., Haroon, H. A., & Muhlert, N. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.10.01.322271
“Although potentially susceptible to bias, self-reports of anxiety, measured using visual analogue scales, have been shown to be reliably sensitive to changes in mental state, such as those experienced during a social stress task (Cella & Perry, 1986; Taylor et al., 2018).”
MethodEditorial: Pharmacotherapy of Anxiety Disorders: Promises and Pitfalls
Garakani, A., Freire, R. C. R., & Murrough, J. W. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.662963
Ketamine in Psychiatric Disorders
Danyeli, L. V., Götting, F. N., Şen, Z. D., Li, M., & Walter, M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56015-1_420-1 · Cited by 1
CONTRIBUIÇÃO DA CINOTERAPIA PARA PSICOTERAPIA EM IDOSOS INSTITUCIONALIZADOS
Corrêa, G. T., Araujo, M. N., Lourenço, C. H. L., Costa, D. B., Pereira, J. D. A., Serra, R. D. C. E. S., Fonteles, T. F., & Santana, L. N. (2021) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.63721070712
A IMPORTÂNCIA DA PSICOLOGIA JURÍDICA NOS PROCESSOS JUDICIAIS DE ALIENAÇÃO PARENTAL
da Silveira, F. M., Castro, A. B. S., Barbosa, E. D. L., da Silva, V. A., & Santos, V. L. S. (2021) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.63721070715
PSICOSES, FAMÍLIA E ARTE: MEIOS PARA PSICOEDUCAÇÃO DE FAMILIARES PELA ARTE
dos Santos, B. L., Nogueira, A. A., & de Meis, C. (2021) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.63721070716
LUTO PERINATAL: OS DANOS PSICOLÓGICOS CAUSADOS PELAS PERDAS GESTACIONAL E NEONATAL
Santos, L. D. S., Damasceno, R. A., de Farias, R. R. S., & Souza, S. C. (2021) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.63721070713
Docasar, D., Silva, A. D. S., Silva, D. C. D. S., Lima, G. V. D. S., & Barboza, R. M. (2021) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.63721070719
Do baseline anxiety symptoms impact response to IV Ketamine in treatment resistant depression?
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KETAMINE IN PERIOPERATIVE DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS (PDS) IMPROVEMENT - REVIEW
Manole, C., Șerban, C., & Ciubară, A. B. (2023) · European Conference of Psychiatry and Mental Health "Galatia" · doi:10.35630/2022/12/psy.ro.9
“This study proves the efficiency of small ketamine doses in the reduction of social anxiety (Taylor et al., 2018).”
BackgroundImprovement of Mental Health Symptoms in Response to Ketamine Therapy in Medicaid-Eligible Patients
Bonnett, C. J., Bonder, J. H., Jain, R., Stabbert, A., & Sayre, C. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.16966/2474-7769.151
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Breeksema, J. J. (2024) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · doi:10.33612/diss.912040905
Linking the Biological Marker Goal-Conflict Specific Rhythmicity (GCSR) and Anxiety Disorder
McNaughton, N., & Glue, P. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32035-4_17-1
Brown, A., Upadhyay, S., & Lloyd, E. C. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.02.19.25322078
Challenges and hopes for treatment of anxiety disorder in the autistic population
Dulski, T., Tolak, S., & Zmorzyńska, J. (2025) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149675 · Cited by 2
Tsang, V. W. L., Tao, B. K.-L., Olthuis, R., Allard, P., Bhanot, S., Wong, S. L., & Kryskow, P. (2025) · doi:10.2196/preprints.79030
Identification and management of anxious depression in patients with treatment-resistant depression
Hershenberg, R., Rapaport, M. H., & Weischedel, K. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824067-0.00029-3 · Cited by 1
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Pharmacotherapy for Addiction to Dissociative Substances
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Ketamine for Conscious Sedation in Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery
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Ketamine in clinical psychiatry and addictology - a narrative review
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Metadata
- Authors
- Taylor, J. H., Landeros-Weisenberger, A., Coughlin, C., Mulqueen, J., Johnson, J. A., Gabriel, D., Reed, M. O., Jakubovski, E., & Bloch, M. H.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Taylor, Jerome H
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neuropsychopharmacology
- Published
- 2017-08-29
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 325-333
- ISSN
- 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
- 1740-634X
- PMC
- PMC5729569
- OpenAlex
- W2752700145
- Semantic Scholar
- 478a5261ae9b2bac8155c1e47216f6d3b3fa5e5e
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 7.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Robert E. Leet and Clara Guthrie Patterson Trust
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR001863)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH091240, T32MH019112, R25MH077823, T32MH019961, T32MH018268)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies
- Keywords
- ketamine, social anxiety disorder, NMDA receptor antagonists, intravenous infusion, anxiety symptoms, treatment response, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale
- MeSH terms
- Phobia, Social, Adult, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Ketamine, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Cross-Over Studies, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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