Epidemiology of venous thromboembolism
Open accessAbstract
Thrombosis can affect any venous circulation. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) includes deep-vein thrombosis of the leg or pelvis, and its complication, pulmonary embolism. VTE is a fairly common disease, particularly in older age, and is associated with reduced survival, substantial health-care costs, and a high rate of recurrence. VTE is a complex (multifactorial) disease, involving interactions between acquired or inherited predispositions to thrombosis and various risk factors. Major risk factors for incident VTE include hospitalization for surgery or acute illness, active cancer, neurological disease with leg paresis, nursing-home confinement, trauma or fracture, superficial vein thrombosis, and-in women-pregnancy and puerperium, oral contraception, and hormone therapy. Although independent risk factors for incident VTE and predictors of VTE recurrence have been identified, and effective primary and secondary prophylaxis is available, the occurrence of VTE seems to be fairly constant, or even increasing.
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Self-citationEffect of raloxifene therapy on venous thromboembolism in postmenopausal women: A meta-analysis
Adomaityte, J., Farooq, M., & Qayyum, R. (2008) · Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1160/th07-07-0468 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Sex difference in risk of recurrent venous thrombosis and the risk profile for a second event
Christiansen, S. C., Lijfering, W. M., Helmerhorst, F. M., Rosendaal, F. R., & Cannegieter, S. C. (2010) · Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03994.x · Cited by 108 · see citing works
The Protein Z-Dependent Protease Inhibitor Is a Serpin
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Recurrence Rate After a First Venous Thrombosis in Patients With Familial Thrombophilia
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Guidelines on travel‐related venous thrombosis
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Inhibitor Development in a Multitransfused Patient with Severe Haemophilia A
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Self-citationEpidemiology of Oral Contraceptives and Cardiovascular Disease
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Venous Thromboembolic Events Associated With Hormone Replacement Therapy
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Ortel, T. L., Neumann, I., Ageno, W., Beyth, R., Clark, N. P., Cuker, A., Hutten, B. A., Jaff, M. R., Manja, V., Schulman, S., et al. (2020) · Blood Advances · doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001830 · Cited by 1,489 · see citing works
“Approximately one third of all patients with a new diagnosis of VTE have PE, with or without DVT,(7-9) and it is estimated that up to a quarter of all patients with PE present with sudden death.(4)”
BackgroundInfluentialBieber, T., Thyssen, J. P., Reich, K., Simpson, E. L., Katoh, N., Torrelo, A., De Bruin‐Weller, M., Thaci, D., Bissonnette, R., Gooderham, M., et al. (2021) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.16948 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Systemic hormonal contraception and risk of venous thromboembolism
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Transgender patients and the role of the coagulation clinician
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Immunological analysis and differential genes screening of venous thromboembolism
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Catheter-directed thrombolysis in the treatment of acute deep venous thrombosis: a meta-analysis
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Mei, Y., Vad, O. B., Beyer, A. F., Ghouse, J., & Lundegaard, P. R. (2026) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.mcpro.2026.101692
- Authors
- Heit, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Heit, John A.
- ORCID
- Heit, John A.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Cardiology
- Published
- 2015-06-16
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 464-474
- ISSN
- 1759-5002 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-5010
- PMC
- PMC4624298
- OpenAlex
- W1597337165
- Cited by
- 1,277
- References
- 281
- Citations by year
- 2026: 113 · 2025: 114 · 2024: 153 · 2023: 157 · 2022: 125 · 2021: 164 · 2020: 112 · 2019: 105 · 2018: 89 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 18.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL066216)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Internal Medicine › Venous Thromboembolism Diagnosis and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Blood Coagulation and Thrombosis Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis
- Keywords
- venous thromboembolism, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, thrombosis risk factors, cancer-associated thrombosis, pregnancy and puerperium, oral contraception, hormone therapy, hospitalization, recurrent thrombosis, thromboprophylaxis, health care costs
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Costs and Cost Analysis, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Leg, Male, Middle Aged, Pelvis, Pulmonary Embolism, Recurrence, Age Distribution, Venous Thromboembolism, Secondary Prevention, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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