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Therapeutic potential of the endocrine fibroblast growth factors FGF19, FGF21 and FGF23
Abstract
The endocrine fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), FGF19, FGF21 and FGF23, are critical for maintaining whole-body homeostasis, with roles in bile acid, glucose and lipid metabolism, modulation of vitamin D and phosphate homeostasis and metabolic adaptation during fasting. Given these functions, the endocrine FGFs have therapeutic potential in a wide array of chronic human diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and kidney and cardiovascular disease. However, the safety and feasibility of chronic endocrine FGF administration has been challenged, and FGF analogues and mimetics are now being investigated. Here, we discuss current knowledge of the complex biology of the endocrine FGFs and assess how this may be harnessed therapeutically.
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“As such, it is an important therapeutic target of protection against muscle and liver insulin resistance induced by lipids and DM2 [106,107].”
From Adipokines, Myokines, and Hepatokines: Crosstalk and Metabolic Repercussions (2021) · cites this paper as [106]
In the citing paper
“Substances that act as adipokines, myokines, and hepatokines, such as FGF21, are essential for controlling glucose and lipid metabolism.”
From Adipokines, Myokines, and Hepatokines: Crosstalk and Metabolic Repercussions (2021) · cites this paper as [106]
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“The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family consists of 22 related proteins divided into seven subfamilies [17].”
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“Hormone-like FGFs (FGF15/19, FGF21 and FGF23) have systemic effects [1, 7].”
Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 Levels Predict Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Men With Type 2 Diabetes
Hu, J., Liu, Z., Tong, Y. A., Mei, Z., Xu, A., Zhou, P., Chen, X., Tang, W., Zhou, Z., & Xiao, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.00282 · Cited by 18
“Given these functions, FGF19 is a potential molecular in investigating human chronic disease, including T2D and atherosclerosis, in which glucose and lipid metabolism play a vital role (9, 10).”
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FGF s: crucial factors that regulate tumour initiation and progression
Qian, J., Wang, Y., Liu, H., Deng, X., Jiang, L., Liu, R. R., Song, H., & Li, J. (2016) · Cell Proliferation · doi:10.1111/cpr.12275 · Cited by 18
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“[20,21] By forming a trimer with the receptor FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) and its cofactor β‑Klotho,[22] FGF21 can activate downstream signaling pathways to exert an antagonistic effect on the apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells,[23] inhibiting atherosclerosis[24] and the calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Body-wide Transcriptome Landscape of Disease Models
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Fibroblast growth factors 19 and 21 in acute liver damage
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“Besides having a key role in embryonic development these polypeptides are involved in a wide variety of biological actions including the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, wound healing, angiogenesis and metabolism (2,3).”
BackgroundInfluentialSystemic Jak1 activation provokes hepatic inflammation and imbalanced FGF23 production and cleavage
Daryadel, A., Ruiz, P. A., Gehring, N., Stojanović, D., Ugrica, M., Bettoni, C., Sabrautzki, S., Pastor‐Arroyo, E. M., Frey-Wagner, I. M., Lorenz‐Depiereux, B., et al. (2021) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202002113r · Cited by 18
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“However, FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 together constitute a unique endocrine-like subfamily and function by regulating critical metabolic processes in a variety of tissues (20, 21).”
Kim, S. H., Kim, J. W., Hwang, I. G., Jang, J. S., Hong, S., Kim, T. Y., Baek, J. Y., Shin, S. H., Sun, D. S., Hong, D.-S., et al. (2019) · Journal of Geriatric Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jgo.2019.03.015 · Cited by 18
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“The gut hormone FGF19 also increased 1.8-fold (adjusted p ¼ 0.048) (Figure 1B), playing a crucial role in energy metabolism by regulating bile acid synthesis, enhancing glucose utilization, and promoting hepatocyte proliferation [10].”
InfluentialPolymer Scaffolds for peripheral nerve injury repair
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Present and emerging pharmacotherapies for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in adults
Ogawa, Y., Yoneda, M., Kobayashi, T., Honda, Y., Kessoku, T., Imajo, K., Saito, S., & Nakajima, A. (2018) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2018.1543403 · Cited by 18
“tion, and suppresses fatty acid synthesis [48,72].”
Emerging targets and potential therapeutic agents in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease treatment
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Downregulation of Serum and Distal Ileum Fibroblast Growth Factor19 in Bile Acid Diarrhoea Patients
Chang, C.-X., Jiang, J., Sun, R., Wang, S., & Chen, H. (2021) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-021-07042-x · Cited by 17
Fibroblast growth factor 21 in dairy cows: current knowledge and potential relevance
Eder, K., Geßner, D. K., & Ringseis, R. (2021) · Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology/Journal of animal science and biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s40104-021-00621-y · Cited by 18
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Localization of fibroblast growth factor 23 protein in the rat hypothalamus
Ursem, S. R., Diepenbroek, C., Bacic, V., Unmehopa, U. A., Eggels, L., Maya‐Monteiro, C. M., Heijboer, A. C., & la Fleur, S. E. (2021) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15375 · Cited by 16
“…important regulator of glucose homeostasis, and both FGF19 and FGF21 have been shown to be involved in the central regulation of glucose metabolism; currently, their therapeutic potential is being investigated in several trials (Brown et al., 2019; Degirolamo et al., 2016; Izaguirre et al., 2017).”
BackgroundPemigatinib for the treatment of myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with FGFR1 rearrangement
Freyer, C. W., Hughes, M. E., Carulli, A., Bagg, A., & Hexner, E. O. (2023) · Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy · doi:10.1080/14737140.2023.2192930 · Cited by 16
Zhang, Y., Li, R., Liang, Y., Zhang, Y., & An, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1194545 · Cited by 16
“In health, FGF23 maintains the systemic level of phosphate by stimulating urinary excretion of phosphate (Perwad et al., 2007; Degirolamo et al., 2016).”
BackgroundIannone, V., Babu, A. F., Lok, J., Gómez-Gallego, C., D’Auria, G., Vazquez-Uribe, R., Vaaben, T. H., Bongers, M., Mikkonen, S. J., Vaittinen, M., et al. (2023) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101823 · Cited by 16
“Patients with MASLD often have an impaired intestinal fi broblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) production [7], a regulator of lipid and energy metabolism in the liver [8].”
BackgroundCao, S., & Zhang, S. (2022) · Bioengineered · doi:10.1080/21655979.2021.2018094 · Cited by 16
“…the protective effects of FOXC1 on cell survival and glucose uptake are mediated by AMPK phosphorylation, implying that AMPK is a potential therapeutic target for GDM. Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) is a crucial protein that regulates glucose metabolism and maintains energy homeostasis [28].”
BackgroundRetractedCheng, J., Su, X., Qiao, L., Zhai, C., & Chen, W. (2018) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1042/bsr20181099 · Cited by 16
Spontaneous ketonuria and risk of incident diabetes: a 12 year prospective study
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“Because FGF19 suppresses the synthesis of TG (Degirolamo et al., 2016), an increased TG level in MDD patients may be related to a decreased FGF19 level.”
BackgroundLin, K., Xia, B., Wang, X., He, X., Zhou, M., Lin, Y.-T., Qiao, Y., Li, R., Chen, Q., Li, Y., et al. (2024) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-024-05159-x · Cited by 16
“FGFR4 selectively binds to FGF19 and plays a role in regulating bile balance [15].”
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Exploring endocrine FGFs - structures, functions and biomedical applications
Phan, P. (2024) · International Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.62347/palk2137 · Cited by 16
Hepatokines: the missing link in the development of insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism in PCOS?
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“Fibroblast growth factor 21 (GF-21) has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target for several chronic human diseases, including obesity and T2DM [40].”
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Genome-wide association study for circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 and 23
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Fibroblast growth factor-21 as a novel metabolic factor for regulating thrombotic homeostasis
Li, S., Jia, H., Liu, Z., Wang, N., Guo, X., Cao, M., Fang, F., Yang, J., Li, J., He, Q., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-00906-2 · Cited by 14
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Therapeutic developments in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease
Shi, Y., & Fan, J. (2022) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/cm9.0000000000002091 · Cited by 14
“Endocrine FGFs may serve as risk factors, biomarkers, or even treatment targets for MAFLD.([89])”
BackgroundCharacterization of fibroblast growth factor 1 in obese children and adolescents
Wang, A., Yan, X., Zhang, C., Du, C., Long, W., Zhan, D., & Luo, X. (2018) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-18-0141 · Cited by 13
AAV‐mediated gene therapy as a strategy to fight obesity and metabolic diseases
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The fibroblast growth factor–Klotho axis at molecular level
Sun, F., Liang, P., Wang, B., & Liu, W. (2023) · Open Life Sciences · doi:10.1515/biol-2022-0655 · Cited by 13
Marques, T. C., Monteiro, H. F., Melo, D. B., Coelho, W. M., Salman, S. M., Marques, L. R., Leão, K. M., Machado, V. S., Menta, P. R., Dubey, D., et al. (2023) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2023-23850 · Cited by 12
“According to (Du et al., 2023), dairy cows fed RPC during the transition period showed an increase in fibroblast growth factor 21 ( FGF21 ) gene expression, which plays a regulatory role in ketogenesis and glucose metabolism (Degirolamo, Sabba and Moschetta, 2016).”
BackgroundKim, S. Q., Spann, R. A., Khan, M. S. H., Berthoud, H., Münzberg, H., Albaugh, V. L., He, Y., McDougal, D. H., Soto, P. L., Yu, S., et al. (2024) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110010 · Cited by 10
Salvianolic acid B in fibrosis treatment: a comprehensive review
Liang, Q., Liu, X., Peng, X., Luo, T., Su, Y. R., Xu, X., Xie, H., Gao, H. C., Chen, Z., & Xie, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1442181 · Cited by 13
Marchelek‐Myśliwiec, M., Dziedziejko, V., Dołęgowska, K., Pawlik, A., Safranow, K., Stępniewska, J., Wiśniewska, M., Małyszko, J., & Ciechanowski, K. (2020) · Journal of Applied Biomedicine · doi:10.32725/jab.2020.005 · Cited by 12
“In recent years, several new factors have been found to be significantly associated with IR (Degirolamo et al., 2016; Kharitonenkov and Shanafelt, 2009; Liu and Quarles, 2007).”
BackgroundCirculating Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 and Risk of Metachronous Colorectal Adenoma
Florea, A., Harris, R. B., Klimentidis, Y. C., Kohler, L. N., Jurutka, P. W., & Jacobs, E. T. (2020) · Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer · doi:10.1007/s12029-020-00515-8 · Cited by 11
Advances in FGFs for diabetes care applications
Liu, Y., Chen, Q., Li, Y., Bi, L., He, Z., Shao, C., Jin, L., Peng, R., & Zhang, X. (2022) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121015 · Cited by 12
Crudele, L., García‐Irigoyen, O., Cariello, M., Piglionica, M., Scialpi, N., Florio, M., Piazzolla, G., Suppressa, P., Sabbà, C., Gadaleta, R. M., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1159127 · Cited by 12
“Vitamin D involvement in FGF-21 pathway should not be unexpected considering that 1,25OH Vitamin D activates nuclear receptor VDR and increases FGF23 production in bones (21).”
BackgroundInterrupting the FGF19-FGFR4 Axis to Therapeutically Disrupt Cancer Progression
Lang, L., Shull, A. Y., & Teng, Y. (2018) · Current Cancer Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1568009618666180319091731 · Cited by 12
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Thapa, K., Grewal, A. S., Kanojia, N., Rani, L., Sharma, N., & Singh, S. (2020) · Current Drug Discovery Technologies · doi:10.2174/1570163817666200121143959 · Cited by 12
Endocrine fibroblast growth factors as potential biomarkers for chronic kidney disease
Kondo, Y., Komaba, H., & Fukagawa, M. (2020) · Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1080/14737159.2020.1780918 · Cited by 12
Xie, T., Yin, L., Guo, D., Zhang, Z., Chen, Y., Liu, B., Wang, W., & Zheng, Y. (2021) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119346 · Cited by 12
Genetics and regulation of HDL metabolism
Kardassis, D., Thymiakou, E., & Chroni, A. (2021) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159060 · Cited by 12
FGF family in health and disease
Liu, X., Jing, M., Yang, Y., Jin, Q., Feng, B., Zhang, P., Niu, C., Hu, X., & Huang, Z. (2026) · Molecular Biomedicine · doi:10.1186/s43556-026-00429-0 · Cited by 14
Enhanced expression of FGF19 predicts poor prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer
Chen, J., Shao, J., Shen, A., Zhu, X., Zhang, X., Sun, H., Wei, S., & Ling, Y. (2021) · Journal of Thoracic Disease · doi:10.21037/jtd-21-126 · Cited by 11
“The canonical FGFs account for the majority of FGF’s known functions in paracrine protein and autocrine protein.”
BackgroundInfluentialFGF9 Alleviates the Fatty Liver Phenotype by Regulating Hepatic Lipid Metabolism
Zhao, F., Zhang, L., Zhang, M., Huang, J., Zhang, J., & Chang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.850128 · Cited by 11
“The FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 subfamilies have been shown to function in an endocrine manner, dependent on the presence of Klotho proteins in their target tissues, to regulate glucose, bile acid, vitamin D, and phosphate homeostasis, while other members of the FGF family are considered paracrine factors and are known fo…”
BackgroundFGF19 and its analog Aldafermin cooperate with MYC to induce aggressive hepatocarcinogenesis
Ursic-Bedoya, J., Desandré, G., Chavey, C., Marie, P., Polizzi, A., Rivière, B., Guillou, H., Assenat, E., Hibner, U., & Gregoire, D. (2024) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s44321-023-00021-x · Cited by 11
“A single injection led to circulating levels of around 20 ng/mL after 2 h, in accordance with the reported short half-life of the hormone (Degirolamo et al, 2016).”
Ghanem, M., Archer, G., Crestani, B., & Mailleux, A. (2024) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108669 · Cited by 12
Lin, Q., Zhang, J., Qi, J., Tong, J., Chen, S., Zhang, S., Liu, X., Lou, H., Lv, J., Lin, R., et al. (2024) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202408688 · Cited by 11
Endocrine FGFs and their signaling in the brain: Relevance for energy homeostasis
Zangerolamo, L., Carvalho, M. U. W. B. D., Velloso, L. A., & Barbosa, H. C. L. (2023) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176248 · Cited by 11
Lin, H., Zhou, C., Hou, Y., Li, Q., Qiao, G., Wang, Y., Huang, Z., & Niu, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.01515 · Cited by 11
“The mammalian FGFs are grouped into five paracrine subfamilies and one endocrine subfamily (Beenken and Mohammadi, 2009; Degirolamo et al., 2016).”
BackgroundBromodomain Inhibition Reveals FGF15/19 As a Target of Epigenetic Regulation and Metabolic Control
Kozuka, C., Efthymiou, V., Sales, V., Zhou, L., Osataphan, S. A., Yuchi, Y., CHIMENE-WEISS, J. I., Mulla, C. M., ISGANAITIS, E. M., Desmond, J., et al. (2022) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db21-0574 · Cited by 11
FGF21 Analogues and MASLD: A Summary of Preclinical and Clinical Data
Boutari, C., Triantafyllou, A., Papalavrentios, L., Goulis, I., & Sinakos, E. (2025) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/0113816128374854250709050425 · Cited by 11
Growth Factors in the Intestinal Tract
Schumacher, M. A., Danopoulos, S., Alam, D. A., & Frey, M. R. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809954-4.00003-7 · Cited by 10
Therapeutic Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) in the Amelioration of Chronic Diseases
Opoku, Y. K., Liu, Z., Afrifa, J., Khoso, M. H., Ren, G., & Li, D. (2019) · International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics · doi:10.1007/s10989-019-09820-8 · Cited by 10
“FGF21 has been demonstrated to stimulate glucose uptake and utilization by inducing glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1) expression among white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT) and browning WAT (Degirolamo et al. 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialRegulation and Potential Biological Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 in Chronic Kidney Disease
Zhou, X., Zhang, Y., & Wang, N. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.764503 · Cited by 10
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“The identification of several FGFs, such as FGF1, FGF15/19, FGF21 and FGF23, with high relevance to metabolic regulation [22-25] attracted our attention.”
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Fibroblast growth factor 19 secretion and function in perinatal development
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“com/oncotarget cancer patients, and were also elevated in patients with non-cancerous diseases, such as hypophosphatemic rickets and chronic kidney diseases [124].”
BackgroundLewis, J. E., Samms, R. J., Cooper, S., Luckett, J., Perkins, A. C., Dunbar, J. D., Smith, D. P., Emmerson, P. J., Adams, A. C., Ebling, F. J. P., et al. (2017) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2017-00591 · Cited by 9
“The endocrine FGFs have emerged as a novel family of hormonal factors that, when administered to rodents, have substantial antidiabetic activity (13).”
BackgroundLu, J., Liu, Z., Zhao, Y., Liu, X., He, W., & Zhang, L. (2022) · Tissue and Cell · doi:10.1016/j.tice.2022.102012 · Cited by 9
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SGK1 promotes the lipid accumulation via regulating the transcriptional activity of FOXO1 in bovine
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“It has been proved to be a key endocrine factor involved in the regulation of systemic homeostasis and lipid metabolism [57].”
BackgroundOptimization of Peptide Inhibitors of β-Klotho as Antagonists of Fibroblast Growth Factors 19 and 21
Pan, J. B., Parlee, S. D., Brunel, F. M., Li, P., Lu, W., Pérez–Tilve, D., Liu, F., Finan, B., Kharitonenkov, A., & DiMarchi, R. D. (2020) · ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science · doi:10.1021/acsptsci.0c00100 · Cited by 9
Intestinal BMP-9 locally upregulates FGF19 and is down-regulated in obese patients with diabetes
Drexler, S., Cai, C., Hartmann, A.-L., Moch, D., Gaitantzi, H., Ney, T., Kraemer, M., Chu, Y., Zheng, Y., Rahbari, M., et al. (2023) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2023.111934 · Cited by 8
“Using different mouse strains there have been contradictory observations regarding general functions of BMP-9, e.g. during liver fibrogenesis as well as regarding the general BMP-9 KO phenotype (Breitkopf-Heinlein et al., 2017; Desroches-Castan et al., 2019) (see also below).”
BackgroundNavigating Lipodystrophy: Insights from Laminopathies and Beyond
Krüger, P., Hartinger, R., & Djabali, K. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25158020 · Cited by 10
“Moreover, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a member of the FGF superfamily, has shown beneficial effects in various disease models [227].”
BackgroundLanng, A. R., Gasbjerg, L. S., Bergmann, N. C., Gillum, M. P., Rehfeld, J. F., Helsted, M. M., Møller, H. J., Grønbæk, H., Vilsbøll, T., & Knop, F. K. (2020) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2020.04.006 · Cited by 8
Gantert, T., Henkel, F. D. R., Wurmser, C., Oeckl, J., Fischer, L., Haid, M., Adamski, J., Bieren, J. E.-V., Klingenspor, M., & Fromme, T. (2021) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202002795r · Cited by 7
A short report on NGM282/aldafermin for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
Roberts, S. K., & Majeed, A. (2021) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets · doi:10.1080/14728222.2021.1999416 · Cited by 8
Yu, X., Xia, Y., Jia, J., & Yuan, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.830022 · Cited by 8
“They bind to FGF receptors (FGFRs) through blood circulation and play a regulatory role in phosphate, bile acid, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism (11).”
BackgroundInfluentialAkduman, F., Şıklar, Z., Özsu, E., Doğan, Ö., Kır, M., & Berberoğlu, M. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology · doi:10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2022.2022-1-15 · Cited by 8
“It has been suggested that FGF21 may be beneficialfor metabolic health by reducing blood glucose and lipid levels (11).”
BackgroundInfluentialZhao, J., Li, Q., Wu, J., Zhou, C., Cao, Y., Li, X., & Niu, J. (2019) · Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1002/biot.201900203 · Cited by 8
Regulation of fibroblast growth factor 9 on the differentiation of goat intramuscular adipocytes
Huang, K., Wang, Y., Zhu, J., Xiong, Y., & Lin, Y. (2021) · Animal Science Journal · doi:10.1111/asj.13627 · Cited by 8
Łukawska, A., & Mulak, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2024.1394030 · Cited by 7
Assiri, A., Vallejo‐Trujillo, A., Al‐Abri, M., Bahbahani, H. M., Almathen, F. S., Ahbara, A., Al‐Marzooqi, W., Tijjani, A., Lawal, R. A., & Hanotte, O. (2025) · Animal Genetics · doi:10.1111/age.70014 · Cited by 8
Dual Regulation Mechanism of Obesity: DNA Methylation and Intestinal Flora
Ren, Y., Huang, P., Zhang, L., Tang, Y.-F., Luo, S., She, Z., Peng, H., Chen, Y.-Q., Luo, J., Duan, W.-X., et al. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12081633 · Cited by 8
“The hypermethylation level of DNMT3a and insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) genes may increase the risk of metabolic syndrome in Chinese adults by affecting ELOVL6 activity dependence [77].”
BackgroundState-of-the-Art Overview of the Pharmacological Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis
Cho, Y., & Lee, Y. (2022) · Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.3803/enm.2022.102 · Cited by 7
“Aldafermin (NGM282), a fibroblast growth factor-19 analogue (hormone signaling) Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF-19) plays a central role in regulating bile acids and energy metabolism in the liver via FGF receptor 4 [45].”
BackgroundResearch Progress of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 in Fibrotic Diseases
Jia, M.-Q., Guan, C., Tao, J., & Zhou, Y. (2022) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2022/5042762 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Degirolamo, C., Sabbà, C., & Moschetta, A.
- Affiliations
- Istituto Tumori Bari (IT)
- University of Bari Aldo Moro (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Moschetta, Antonio
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
- Published
- 2015-11-16
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 51-69
- ISSN
- 1474-1776 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-1784
- OpenAlex
- W2214871873
- Cited by
- 424
- References
- 240
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 18
- FWCI
- 3.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Drug Discovery (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Bari Aldo Moro) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fibroblast Growth Factor Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Parathyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Folate and B Vitamins Research
- Keywords
- FGF19, FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 23, bile acid metabolism, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, vitamin D homeostasis, phosphate homeostasis, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cancer, kidney disease, cardiovascular disease
- MeSH terms
- Fibroblast Growth Factor-23, Animals, Chronic Disease, Fibroblast Growth Factors, Homeostasis, Humans, Models, Biological, Drugs, Investigational
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