Cited by 291Diabetes and associated disordersPancreatic function and diabetesViral Infections and Immunology Research

Viral infections in type 1 diabetes mellitus — why the β cells?

Open access
Op de Beeck, Anne, Eizirik, Decio L.·2016·Nature Reviews Endocrinology

Abstract

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is caused by progressive autoimmune-mediated loss of pancreatic β-cell mass via apoptosis. The onset of T1DM depends on environmental factors that interact with predisposing genes to induce an autoimmune assault against β cells. Epidemiological, clinical and pathology studies in humans support viral infection--particularly by enteroviruses (for example, coxsackievirus)--as an environmental trigger for the development of T1DM. Many candidate genes for T1DM, such as MDA5, PTPN2 and TYK2, regulate antiviral responses in both β cells and the immune system. Cellular permissiveness to viral infection is modulated by innate antiviral responses that vary among different tissues or cell types. Some data indicate that pancreatic islet α cells trigger a more efficient antiviral response to infection with diabetogenic viruses than do β cells, and so are able to eradicate viral infections without undergoing apoptosis. This difference could account for the varying ability of islet-cell subtypes to clear viral infections and explain why chronically infected pancreatic β cells, but not α cells, are targeted by an autoimmune response and killed during the development of T1DM. These issues and attempts to target viral infection as a preventive therapy for T1DM are discussed in the present Review.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/nrendo.2016.30

Cites

146 of 146 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Increasing evidence supports viral infections as triggers of autoimmune diseases in general; type 1 diabetes mellitus has been linked to enterovirus infections and multiple sclerosis to Epstein-Barr virus infections.

    “For example, type 1 diabetes mellitus was linked to enterovirus infections185 and multiple sclerosis to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infections186.”

    From COVID-19 and cellular senescence (2023) · cites this paper as [185]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Op de Beeck, A., & Eizirik, D. L.
Affiliations
Université Libre de Bruxelles (BE)
Corresponding author
Eizirik, Decio L.
Venue
Nature Reviews Endocrinology
Published
2016-03-29
Volume
12
Issue
5
Pages
263-273
ISSN
  • 1759-5029 (ISSN-L)
  • 1759-5037
OpenAlex
W2324838759
Cited by
291
References
146
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 6
FWCI
2.85
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Nature Reviews Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (UC4DK104166)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Viral Infections and Immunology Research
Keywords
type 1 diabetes, viral triggers, enterovirus, Coxsackie virus, pancreatic beta cells, beta-cell apoptosis, environmental risk factors, antiviral innate immunity, MDA5, PTPN2, TYK2, viral clearance, prophylaxis
MeSH terms
Animals, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Humans, Virus Diseases, Insulin-Secreting Cells

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review