Seroconversion to multiple islet autoantibodies and risk of progression to diabetes in children
Open accessAbstract
IMPORTANCE: Type 1 diabetes usually has a preclinical phase identified by circulating islet autoantibodies, but the rate of progression to diabetes after seroconversion to islet autoantibodies is uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To determine the rate of progression to diabetes after islet autoantibody seroconversion. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Data were pooled from prospective cohort studies performed in Colorado (recruitment, 1993-2006), Finland (recruitment, 1994-2009), and Germany (recruitment, 1989-2006) examining children genetically at risk for type 1 diabetes for the development of insulin autoantibodies, glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) autoantibodies, insulinoma antigen 2 (IA2) autoantibodies, and diabetes. Participants were all children recruited and followed up in the 3 studies (Colorado, 1962; Finland, 8597; Germany, 2818). Follow-up assessment in each study was concluded by July 2012. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary analysis was the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children with 2 or more autoantibodies. The secondary analysis was the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children with 1 autoantibody or no autoantibodies. RESULTS: Progression to type 1 diabetes at 10-year follow-up after islet autoantibody seroconversion in 585 children with multiple islet autoantibodies was 69.7% (95% CI, 65.1%-74.3%), and in 474 children with a single islet autoantibody was 14.5% (95% CI, 10.3%-18.7%). Risk of diabetes in children who had no islet autoantibodies was 0.4% (95% CI, 0.2%-0.6%) by the age of 15 years. Progression to type 1 diabetes in the children with multiple islet autoantibodies was faster for children who had islet autoantibody seroconversion younger than age 3 years (hazard ratio [HR], 1.65 [95% CI, 1.30-2.09; P < .001]; 10-year risk, 74.9% [95% CI, 69.7%-80.1%]) vs children 3 years or older (60.9% [95% CI, 51.5%-70.3%]); for children with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotype DR3/DR4-DQ8 (HR, 1.35 [95% CI, 1.09-1.68; P = .007]; 10-year risk, 76.6% [95% CI, 69.2%-84%]) vs other HLA genotypes (66.2% [95% CI, 60.2%-72.2%]); and for girls (HR, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.04-1.58; P = .02];10-year risk, 74.8% [95% CI, 68.0%-81.6%]) vs boys (65.7% [95% CI, 59.3%-72.1%]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The majority of children at risk of type 1 diabetes who had multiple islet autoantibody seroconversion progressed to diabetes over the next 15 years. Future prevention studies should focus on this high-risk population.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The presence of multiple islet autoantibodies (IAA, GADA, IA-2A/IA-2bA, or ZnT8A) is associated with a risk of type 1 diabetes of >90%.
“The presence of multiple islet autoantibodies (IAA, GADA, IA-2A/IA-2bA, or ZnT8A) is associated with a risk of type 1 diabetes of >90% (408,422,423).”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [408]
The Results section (Children With Multiple Islet Autoantibodies; page unavailable) confirms that multiple autoantibodies are associated with high risk, but reports progression of 69.7% at 10 years and 84.2% at 15 years—not greater than 90%. Adding ZnT8 autoantibodies did not substantially change the progression estimates in the cohorts where they were measured. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSeroconversion to two or more serum autoantibodies in children is associated with an 84% risk of clinical type 1 diabetes by age 18 years.
“Most people with a single autoantibody do not progress to type 1 diabetes, but seroconversion to the presence of two or more serum autoantibodies in children is associated with an 84% risk of clinical type 1 diabetes by the age of 18 years (figure 2A).16”
From Type 1 diabetes (2018) · cites this paper as [16]
The Results (Children With Multiple Islet Autoantibodies; page not provided) report an 84.2% risk of type 1 diabetes at 15 years after seroconversion in children with multiple islet autoantibodies. That is not an 84% risk by age 18: the paper measures this figure from seroconversion, not from birth. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBecause of the low prevalence of type 1 diabetes (approximately 0.3% in the general population), the positive predictive value of a single islet autoantibody is low.
“Because of the low prevalence of type 1 diabetes (approximately 0.3% in the general population), the positive predictive value of a single islet autoantibody is low (408).”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [408]
The Results report a 12.7% risk of diabetes by age 15 in children with one islet autoantibody, versus 61.6% with two, supporting the point that a single antibody is less predictive. The paper does not give a 0.3% general-population prevalence or attribute the lower predictive value to that prevalence. The Discussion also cautions that its genetically susceptible cohort may not represent the general population (page numbers unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMost individuals without diabetes who have only one autoantibody will not develop type 1 diabetes; the 10-year risk is about 15%.
“Most individuals without diabetes who have only one autoantibody will not develop type 1 diabetes, as the 10-year risk is about 15% (408).”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [408]
The Results section, “Children With a Single Islet Autoantibody,” reports a 14.5% risk of progression to diabetes within 10 years, supporting the approximate 15% figure and the statement that most did not progress. The study measured this risk in children, however, while the citing sentence extends it to individuals generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIt is clear from prospective studies that the persistent presence of two or more islet autoantibodies is a near-certain predictor of clinical diabetes.
“It is clear from prospective studies that the persistent presence of two or more islet autoantibodies is a nearcertain predictor of clinical diabetes (42).”
From 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: <i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024</i> (2024) · cites this paper as [42]
The Results report that 69.7% of genetically at-risk children with multiple islet autoantibodies progressed to type 1 diabetes within 10 years; the Discussion says most progressed, but some remained diabetes-free for more than a decade. This supports a strong predictive association, but “near-certain” overstates the observed risk and omits the study’s population and follow-up limits. The indexed copy provides section labels but no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Of 585 children who developed more than two autoantibodies, nearly 70% developed type 1 diabetes within 10 years and 84% within 15 years.
“Of the 585 children who developed more than two autoantibodies, nearly 70% developed type 1 diabetes within 10 years and 84% within 15 years (42).”
From 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: <i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024</i> (2024) · cites this paper as [42]
The Results section (page unavailable) reports 585 children with multiple islet autoantibodies and estimated diabetes progression of 69.7% at 10 years and 84.2% at 15 years. However, “multiple” includes children with two autoantibodies, whereas the claim says more than two; the reported rates are not specifically for that narrower group. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe persistent presence of two or more islet autoantibodies is a near-certain predictor of clinical diabetes.
“It is clear from prospective studies that the persistent presence of two or more islet autoantibodies is a near-certain predictor of clinical diabetes (40).”
From 2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [40]
The Results (Children With Multiple Islet Autoantibodies; page unavailable) show that multiple autoantibodies strongly predicted type 1 diabetes in the children studied: estimated progression was 69.7% at 10 years and 84.2% at 15 years. The claim’s unqualified “near-certain” prediction overstates those estimates and extends the finding beyond the studied children. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOf 585 children who developed more than two autoantibodies, nearly 70% developed type 1 diabetes within 10 years and 84% within 15 years.
“Of the 585 children who developed more than two autoantibodies, nearly 70% developed type 1 diabetes within 10 years and 84% within 15 years (40).”
From 2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [40]
The Results section (“Children With Multiple Islet Autoantibodies”; page not provided) reports 585 children and estimated diabetes progression of 69.7% at 10 years and 84.2% at 15 years after seroconversion. But “multiple” includes children with two autoantibodies, whereas the claim says more than two. The reported percentages are follow-up risk estimates, not counts of children who developed diabetes. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn a seminal analysis of four birth cohorts, presence of a single islet autoantibody is associated with a 13% risk of developing type 1 diabetes over 15 years; two or more antibodies are associated with a 70% risk over 10 years and an 84% risk over 15 years.
“A seminal analysis of four different birth cohorts from the USA, Finland and Germany demonstrated that the presence of a single islet autoantibody is associated with a 13% risk of developing type 1 diabetes over 15 years. In contrast, having two or more antibodies is associated with a 70% risk over 10 years of observation and an 84% risk over 15 years63.”
From 100 years of insulin: celebrating the past, present and future of diabetes therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [63]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStudies of the offspring of people with diabetes show that young children with multiple autoantibodies develop diabetes during childhood.
“However, studies of the offspring of people with diabetes show that young children with multiple autoantibodies develop diabetes during childhood [ 12 ]”
From Islet autoantibody profiles associated with higher diabetes risk in Lithuanian compared with English schoolchildren (2020) · cites this paper as [12]
In children with only one persistent islet autoantibody, the risk of diabetes within 10 years is 15% while two or more islet autoantibodies predict type 1 diabetes in 70% within 10 years.
“In children with only one persistent islet autoantibody, the risk of diabetes within 10 years is 15% while two or more islet autoantibodies predict type 1 diabetes in 70% within 10 years (408,409).”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [408]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Eisenbarth (1986) · doi:10.1056/nejm198605223142106 · Cited by 1,659 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of insulin in relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus
(2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa012350 · Cited by 836 · see citing works
Ziegler, A., Hummel, M., Schenker, M., & Bonifacio, E. E. (1999) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.3.460 · Cited by 640 · see citing works
Self-citationGale, E. A. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)15786-3 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Rewers, M., Bugawan, T. L., Norris, J. M., Blair, A., Beaty, B., Hoffman, M., McDuffie, R. S., Hamman, R. F., Klingensmith, G., Eisenbarth, G. S., et al. (1996) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250050514 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Self-citationNäntö-Salonen, K., Kupila, A., Simell, S., Siljander, H., Salonsaari, T., Hekkala, A., Korhonen, S., Erkkola, R., Sipilä, J. I., Haavisto, L., et al. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61309-4 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Self-citationQuantification of islet-cell antibodies and prediction of insulin-dependent diabetes
Bonifacio, E. E., Shattock, M., Dean, B. M., Bottazzo, G. F., Bingley, P. J., Gale, E., & Dunger, D. B. (1990) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)90013-u · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Self-citationStratification of Type 1 Diabetes Risk on the Basis of Islet Autoantibody Characteristics
Achenbach, P., Warncke, K., Reiter, J., Naserke, H. E., Williams, A. J. K., Bingley, P. J., Bonifacio, E. E., & Ziegler, A. (2004) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.2.384 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Self-citationOrban, T., Sosenko, J. M., Cuthbertson, D., Krischer, J. P., Skyler, J. S., Jackson, R., Yu, L., Palmer, J. P., Schatz, D., Eisenbarth, G., et al. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-0934 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Self-citationPREDICTING INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES
Tarn, A., Dean, B., Schwarz, G., Thomas, J. M., Ingram, D., Bottazzo, G. F., & Gale, E. M. (1988) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(88)91601-7 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Puavilai, G., Chanprasertyotin, S., & Sriphrapradaeng, A. (1999) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/s0168-8227(99)00008-x · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Hummel, S., Pflüger, M., Hummel, M., Bonifacio, E. E., & Ziegler, A. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-2456 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Self-citationAntiislet autoantibodies usually develop sequentially rather than simultaneously
Yu, L., Rewers, M., Gianani, R., Kawasaki, E., Zhang, Y., Verge, C. F., Chase, P., KLINGENSMITH, G. J., Erlich, H., Norris, J. M., et al. (1996) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.81.12.8954025 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Self-citationAutoantibodies to zinc transporter 8 and SLC30A8 genotype stratify type 1 diabetes risk
Achenbach, P., Lampasona, V., Landherr, U., Koczwara, K., Krause, S. W., Grallert, H., Winkler, C., Pflüger, M., Illig, T., Bonifacio, E. E., et al. (2009) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1438-0 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Self-citationHummel, M., Bonifacio, E. E., Schmid, S., Walter, M., Knopff, A., & Ziegler, A. (2004) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-140-11-200406010-00009 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Self-citationType I Diabetes Mellitus: A Chronic Autoimmune Disease?
Rabinowe, S. L., & Eisenbarth, G. S. (1984) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0031-3955(16)34605-3 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationPrediction of Type 1 Diabetes in the General Population
Knip, M., Korhonen, S., Kulmala, P., Veijola, R., Reunanen, A., Raitakari, O. T., Viikari, J. S. A., & Åkerblom, H. K. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-1040 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationKoczwara, K., Bonifacio, E. E., & Ziegler, A. (2004) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.1.1 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citationLong-Term Outcome of Individuals Treated With Oral Insulin
Vehik, K., Cuthbertson, D. D., Ruhlig, H., Schatz, D., Peakman, M., Krischer, J. P., & Groups, F. T. D.-1. A. T. S. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-0523 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Kukko, M., Kimpimäki, T., Korhonen, S., Kupila, A., Simell, S., Veijola, R., Simell, T., Ilonen, J., Simell, O., & Knip, M. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1371 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationThe European Nicotinamide Diabetes Intervention Trial (ENDIT) Group, Bingley, P. J., & Gale, E. A. M. (2006) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0160-4 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Yu, L., Boulware, D. C., Beam, C. A., Hutton, J. C., Wenzlau, J. M., Greenbaum, C. J., Bingley, P. J., Krischer, J. P., Sosenko, J. M., Skyler, J. S., et al. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-2081 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationBonifacio, E. E., Lampasona, V., & Bingley, P. J. (1998) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.161.5.2648 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationColman, P. G., Steele, C. E., Couper, J., Beresford, S., Powell, T., Kewming, K., Pollard, A. C., Gellert, S. A., Tait, B. D., Honeyman, M. C., et al. (2000) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250050030 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Milton, B. S., Holland, P., & Whitehead, M. M. (2006) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01796.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Belgian Diabetes Registry, Decochez, K., Truyen, I., der Auwera, B. J. R. V., Weets, I., Vandemeulebroucke, E., Leeuw, I. H. D., Keymeulen, B., Mathieu, C., Rottiers, R., et al. (2005) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-005-1702-x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
PREDICTING INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES
Jackson, R. A., Soeldner, J. S., Eisenbarth, G. S., Tarn, A. C., Bonifacio, E. E., Dean, B. M., Gale, E., & Bottazzo, G. F. (1988) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(88)90663-0 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationVives‐Pi, M., Somoza, N., Soldevila, G., Gomis, R., Lucas, A., Sanmartı́, A., & Pujol‐Borrell, R. (1992) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.41.12.1624 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Bingley, P. J., & Gale, E. (2006) · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Vives, M., Somoza, N., Soldevila, G., et al. (1992) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.41.12.1624 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: <i>Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2022</i>
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc22-s002 · Cited by 4,792 · see citing works
Standards of medical care in diabetes—2014
American Diabetes Association (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc14-s014 · Cited by 4,572 · see citing works
2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: <i>Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2020</i>
American Diabetes Association (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc20-s002 · Cited by 3,187 · see citing works
2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: <i>Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2018</i>
American Diabetes Association (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc18-s002 · Cited by 3,159 · see citing works
2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: <i>Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2021</i>
American Diabetes Association (2021) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc21-s002 · Cited by 3,116 · see citing works
2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2019
(2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-s002 · Cited by 2,738 · see citing works
2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023
ElSayed, N. A., Aleppo, G., Aroda, V. R., Bannuru, R. R., Brown, F. M., Bruemmer, D., Collins, B. S., Gaglia, J. L., Hilliard, M. E., Isaacs, D. M., et al. (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc23-s002 · Cited by 2,646 · see citing works
2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: <i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024</i>
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, ElSayed, N. A., Aleppo, G., Bannuru, R. R., Bruemmer, D., Collins, B. S., Ekhlaspour, L., Gaglia, J. L., Hilliard, M. E., Johnson, E. L., et al. (2024) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc24-s002 · Cited by 2,086 · see citing works
(2) Classification and diagnosis of diabetes
American Diabetes Association (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-s005 · Cited by 1,841 · see citing works
2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes
American Diabetes Association (2017) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc17-s005 · Cited by 1,603 · see citing works
DiMeglio, L. A., Evans-Molina, C., & Oram, R. A. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31320-5 · Cited by 1,561 · see citing works
Katsarou, A., Gudbjörnsdottir, S., Rawshani, A., Dabelea, D., Bonifacio, E., Anderson, B. J., Jacobsen, L. M., Schatz, D. A., & Lernmark, Å. (2017) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.16 · Cited by 1,475 · see citing works
Self-citation2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2025
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, ElSayed, N. A., McCoy, R. G., Aleppo, G., Balapattabi, K., Beverly, E. A., Briggs Early, K., Bruemmer, D., Ebekozien, O., Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc25-s002 · Cited by 1,393 · see citing works
Insel, R. A., Dunne, J. L., Atkinson, M. A., Chiang, J. L., Dabelea, D., Gottlieb, P. A., Greenbaum, C. J., Herold, K. C., Krischer, J. P., Lernmark, Å., et al. (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-1419 · Cited by 1,216 · see citing works
Self-citationKostic, A. D., Gevers, D., Siljander, H., Vatanen, T., Hyötyläinen, T., Hämäläinen, A., Peet, A., Tillmann, V., Pöhö, P., Mattila, I. M., et al. (2015) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2015.01.001 · Cited by 1,165 · see citing works
Self-citation2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes
American Diabetes Association (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc16-s005 · Cited by 1,087 · see citing works
Type 1 Diabetes Through the Life Span: A Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association
Chiang, J. L., Kirkman, M. S., Laffel, L. M., Peters, A. L., & Authors, O. B. O. T. T. 1. D. S. (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc14-1140 · Cited by 976 · see citing works
Definition, Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus
Kerner, W., & Brückel, J. (2014) · Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1055/s-0034-1366278 · Cited by 865 · see citing works
Differentiation of diabetes by pathophysiology, natural history, and prognosis
Skyler, J. S., Bakris, G. L., Bonifacio, E., Darsow, T., Eckel, R. H., Groop, L., Groop, P.-H., Handelsman, Y., Insel, R. A., Mathieu, C., et al. (2017) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db16-0806 · Cited by 823 · see citing works
Self-citationMayer‐Davis, E. J., Kahkoska, A. R., Jefferies, C., Dabelea, D., Balde, N. M., Gong, C., Aschner, P. J., & Craig, M. E. (2018) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.12773 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Environmental risk factors for type 1 diabetes
Rewers, M., & Ludvigsson, J. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30507-4 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
Self-citationDefinition, Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus
Petersmann, A., Müller‐Wieland, D., Müller, U., Landgraf, R., Nauck, M. A., Freckmann, G., Heinemann, L., & Schleicher, E. D. (2019) · Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1055/a-1018-9078 · Cited by 630 · see citing works
Genetic risk factors for type 1 diabetes
Pociot, F., & Lernmark, Å. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30582-7 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
The heterogeneous pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus
Ilonen, J., Lempainen, J., & Veijola, R. (2019) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-019-0254-y · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, C., Cohrs, C. M., Stertmann, J., Bozsak, R., & Speier, S. (2017) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2017.06.019 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes*, Bajaj, M., McCoy, R. G., Balapattabi, K., Bannuru, R. R., Bellini, N. J., Bennett, A. K., Beverly, E. A., Briggs Early, K., ChallaSivaKanaka, S., et al. (2026) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc26-s002 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
the TEDDY Study Group, Krischer, J. P., Lynch, K. F., Schatz, D. A., Ilonen, J., Lernmark, Å., Hagopian, W. A., Rewers, M. J., She, J.-X., Simell, O. G., et al. (2015) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-015-3514-y · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Self-citationChung, W. K., Erion, K., Florez, J. C., Hattersley, A. T., Hivert, M.-F., Lee, C. G., McCarthy, M. I., Nolan, J. J., Norris, J. M., Pearson, E. R., et al. (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci20-0022 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Teplizumab improves and stabilizes beta cell function in antibody-positive high-risk individuals
Sims, E. K., Bundy, B. N., Stier, K., Serti, E., Lim, N., Long, S. A., Geyer, S. M., Moran, A., Greenbaum, C. J., Evans-Molina, C., et al. (2021) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abc8980 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Self-citationType 1 diabetes—early life origins and changing epidemiology
Norris, J. M., Johnson, R. K., & Stene, L. C. (2020) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(19)30412-7 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Sharp, S. A., Rich, S. S., Wood, A. R., Jones, S. E., Beaumont, R. N., Harrison, J. W., Schneider, D. A., Locke, J. M., Tyrrell, J., Weedon, M. N., et al. (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc18-1785 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Definition, epidemiology, and classification of diabetes in children and adolescents
Craig, M. E., Jefferies, C., Dabelea, D., Balde, N. M., Seth, A., & Donaghue, K. C. (2014) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.12186 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Autoreactive T cells in type 1 diabetes
Pugliese, A. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci94549 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Sacks, D. B., Arnold, M., Bakris, G. L., Bruns, D. E., Horvath, A. R., Lernmark, Å., Metzger, B. E., Nathan, D. M., & Kirkman, M. S. (2023) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci23-0036 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Battaglia, M., Ahmed, S., Anderson, M. S., Atkinson, M. A., Becker, D., Bingley, P. J., Bosi, E., Brusko, T. M., DiMeglio, L. A., Evans-Molina, C., et al. (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-0880 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Self-citationFerreira, R. C., Guo, H., Coulson, R., Smyth, D. J., Pękalski, M. Ł., Burren, O. S., Cutler, A. J., Doecke, J. D., Flint, S. M., McKinney, E. F., et al. (2014) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db13-1777 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Self-citationYield of a public health screening of children for islet autoantibodies in Bavaria, Germany
Ziegler, A.-G., Kick, K., Bonifacio, E., Haupt, F., Hippich, M., Dunstheimer, D., Lang, M., Laub, O., Warncke, K., Lange, K., et al. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2019.21565 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Self-citationMetabolite-Sensing G Protein–Coupled Receptors—Facilitators of Diet-Related Immune Regulation
Tan, J. K., McKenzie, C. I., Mariño, E., Macia, L., & Mackay, C. R. (2017) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052235 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Diabetes mellitus—Progress and opportunities in the evolving epidemic
Abel, E. D., Gloyn, A. L., Evans‐Molina, C., Joseph, J. J., Misra, S., Pajvani, U. B., Simcox, J., Suszták, K., & Drucker, D. J. (2024) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.06.029 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
The importance of the Non Obese Diabetic (NOD) mouse model in autoimmune diabetes
Pearson, J. A., Wong, F. S., & Li, W. (2015) · Journal of Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2015.08.019 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Libman, I. M., Haynes, A., Lyons, S. K., Pradeep, P., Rwagasor, E., Tung, J. Y., Jefferies, C., Oram, R. A., Dabelea, D., & Craig, M. E. (2022) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.13454 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
AIRE-Deficient Patients Harbor Unique High-Affinity Disease-Ameliorating Autoantibodies
Meyer, S., Woodward, M., Hertel, C. B., Vlaicu, P., Haque, Y., Kärner, J., Macagno, A., Onuoha, S. C., Fishman, D., Peterson, H., et al. (2016) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.06.024 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Viral infections in type 1 diabetes mellitus — why the β cells?
Op de Beeck, A., & Eizirik, D. L. (2016) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.30 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
100 years of insulin: celebrating the past, present and future of diabetes therapy
Sims, E. K., Carr, A. L. J., Oram, R. A., DiMeglio, L. A., & Evans-Molina, C. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01418-2 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Metabolomics of type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Arneth, B., Arneth, R., & Shams, M. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20102467 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
New frontiers in the treatment of type 1 diabetes
Warshauer, J. T., Bluestone, J. A., & Anderson, M. S. (2020) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2019.11.017 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Mechanisms and consequences of sex differences in immune responses
Dunn, S. E., Perry, W. A., & Klein, S. L. (2023) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/s41581-023-00787-w · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Adult-Onset Type 1 Diabetes: Current Understanding and Challenges
Leslie, R. D., Evans‐Molina, C., Freund-Brown, J., Buzzetti, R., Dabelea, D., Gillespie, K. M., Goland, R., Jones, A. G., Kacher, M. L., Phillips, L. S., et al. (2021) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc21-0770 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Screening for Type 1 Diabetes in the General Population: A Status Report and Perspective
Sims, E. K., Besser, R. E. J., Dayan, C. M., Rasmussen, C. G., Greenbaum, C. J., Griffin, K., Hagopian, W., Knip, M., Long, A. E., Martin, F., et al. (2022) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/dbi20-0054 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Self-citationQuattrin, T., Mastrandrea, L. D., & Walker, L. S. K. (2023) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(23)00223-4 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Diabetic Ketoacidosis at Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes Predicts Poor Long-term Glycemic Control
Duca, L. M., Wang, B., Rewers, M., & Rewers, A. (2017) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc17-0558 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Self-citationA 3D map of the islet routes throughout the healthy human pancreas
Ionescu-Tirgoviste, C., Gagniuc, P. A., Gagniuc, E., Mardare, L., Popescu, I., Dima, S., & Militaru, M. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep14634 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Fasolino, M., Schwartz, G. W., Patil, A. R., Mongia, A., Golson, M. L., Wang, Y. J., Morgan, A. R., Liu, C., Schug, J., Liu, J., et al. (2022) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-022-00531-x · Cited by 223 · see citing works
The immunology of type 1 diabetes
Herold, K. C., Delong, T., Perdigoto, A. L., Biru, N., Brusko, T. M., & Walker, L. S. K. (2024) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-023-00985-4 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Pullano, S. A., Greco, M., Bianco, M. G., Foti, D., Brunetti, A., & Fiorillo, A. S. (2022) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.64035 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
“Insulin-dependent type 1 diabetes accounts for about 5-10 % of all cases of diabetes, and is characterized by a failure in insulin production for an autoimmune attack on pancreatic beta cells [24,25].”
BackgroundChung, W. K., Erion, K., Florez, J. C., Hattersley, A. T., Hivert, M.-F., Lee, C. G., McCarthy, M. I., Nolan, J. J., Norris, J. M., Pearson, E. R., et al. (2020) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-020-05181-w · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Effects of High-Dose Oral Insulin on Immune Responses in Children at High Risk for Type 1 Diabetes
Bonifacio, E. E., Ziegler, A., KLINGENSMITH, G. J., Schober, E., Bingley, P. J., Rottenkolber, M., Theil, A., Eugster, A., Puff, R., Peplow, C., et al. (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.2928 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly prediction of autoimmune (type 1) diabetes.
Regnell, S. E., & Lernmark, Å. (2017) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-017-4308-1 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Perinatal tolerance to proinsulin is sufficient to prevent autoimmune diabetes
Jhala, G., Chee, J., Trivedi, P., Selck, C., Gurzov, E. N., Graham, K. L., Thomas, H. E., Kay, T. W. H., & Krishnamurthy, B. (2016) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.86065 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Islet-Derived CD4 T Cells Targeting Proinsulin in Human Autoimmune Diabetes
Michels, A. W., Landry, L. G., McDaniel, K. A., Yu, L., Campbell‐Thompson, M., Kwok, W. W., Jones, K. L., Gottlieb, P. A., Kappler, J. W., Tang, Q., et al. (2016) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db16-1025 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Predicting Type 1 Diabetes Using Biomarkers
Bonifacio, E. E. (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-0101 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Self-citationKallionpää, H., Elo, L. L., Laajala, E., Mykkänen, J., Ricaño-Ponce, I., Vaarma, M., Laajala, T. D., Hyöty, H., Ilonen, J., Veijola, R., et al. (2014) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db13-1775 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citationSteck, A. K., Vehik, K., Bonifacio, E., Lernmark, A., Ziegler, A.-G., Hagopian, W. A., She, J., Simell, O., Akolkar, B., Krischer, J., et al. (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc14-2426 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Self-citationKrischer, J. P., Lynch, K. F., Lernmark, Å., Hagopian, W., Rewers, M., She, J., Toppari, J., Ziegler, A., Akolkar, B., & the TEDDY Study Group (2017) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc17-0238 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Self-citationCD4 T cell differentiation in type 1 diabetes
Walker, L. S. K., & von Herrath, M. (2015) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/cei.12672 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Definition, Klassifikation und Diagnostik des Diabetes mellitus
Nauck, M. A., Petermann, A., Müller‐Wieland, D., Kerner, W., Müller, U., Landgraf, R., Freckmann, G., & Heinemann, L. (2017) · Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel · doi:10.1055/s-0043-115953 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Compromised Gut Microbiota Networks in Children With Anti-Islet Cell Autoimmunity
Endesfelder, D., zu Castell, W., Ardissone, A. N., Davis‐Richardson, A. G., Achenbach, P., Hagen, M., Pflueger, M., Gano, K. A., Fagen, J. R., Drew, J. C., et al. (2014) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db13-1676 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citationSeyhan, A. A., López, Y. O. N., Xie, H., Yi, F., Mathews, C. E., Pasarica, M., & Pratley, R. E. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep31479 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Heterogeneity and endotypes in type 1 diabetes mellitus
REDONDO, M. J., & Morgan, N. G. (2023) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-023-00853-0 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Diagnosis and treatment of type 1 diabetes at the dawn of the personalized medicine era
Akil, A. A., Yassin, E., Al-Maraghi, A., ALIYEV, E. E., Al-Malki, K., & Fakhro, K. A. (2021) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-021-02778-6 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Hydrolyzed Infant Formula and Early β-Cell Autoimmunity
Knip, M., Akerblom, H., Becker, D., Dosch, H., Dupré, J., Fraser, W., Howard, N., Ilonen, J., Krischer, J., Kordonouri, O., et al. (2014) · Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.5610 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationAssmann, T. S., Recamonde‐Mendoza, M., de Souza, B. M., & Crispim, D. (2017) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-17-0248 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Effect of Hydrolyzed Infant Formula vs Conventional Formula on Risk of Type 1 Diabetes
Knip, M., Akerblom, H., Taji, E. A., Becker, D., Bruining, J., Castaňo, L., Danne, T., de Beaufort, C. D., Dosch, H., Dupré, J., et al. (2018) · Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) · doi:10.1001/jama.2017.19826 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationType 1 diabetes mellitus: much progress, many opportunities
Powers, A. C. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci142242 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Sacks, D. B., Arnold, M. A., Bakris, G. L., Bruns, D. E., Horvath, A. R., Lernmark, Å., Metzger, B. E., Nathan, D. M., & Kirkman, M. S. (2023) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/hvad080 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Haller, M. J., Bell, K. J., Besser, R. E. J., Casteels, K., Couper, J. J., Craig, M. E., Elding Larsson, H., Jacobsen, L., Lange, K., Oron, T., et al. (2024) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000543035 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Self-citationZakharov, P. N., Hu, H., Wan, X., & Unanue, E. R. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20192362 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Bonifacio, E., Beyerlein, A., Hippich, M., Winkler, C., Vehik, K., Weedon, M. N., Laimighofer, M., Hattersley, A. T., Krumsiek, J., Frohnert, B. I., et al. (2018) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002548 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citationA combined risk score enhances prediction of type 1 diabetes among susceptible children
Ferrat, L. A., Vehik, K., Sharp, S. A., Lernmark, Å., Rewers, M. J., She, J.-X., Ziegler, A.-G., Toppari, J., Akolkar, B., Krischer, J. P., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0930-4 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociated autoimmune diseases in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)
Kakleas, K., Soldatou, A., Karachaliou, F., & Karavanaki, K. (2015) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2015.05.002 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
3. Prevention or Delay of Diabetes and Associated Comorbidities: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025
ElSayed, N. A., McCoy, R. G., Aleppo, G., Balapattabi, K., Beverly, E. A., Early, K. B., Bruemmer, D., Ebekozien, O. A., Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Ekhlaspour, L., et al. (2024) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc25-s003 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Besser, R. E. J., Bell, K. J., Couper, J., Ziegler, A., Wherrett, D. K., Knip, M., Speake, C., Casteels, K., Driscoll, K. A., Jacobsen, L. M., et al. (2022) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.13410 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Self-citation3. Prevention or Delay of Diabetes and Associated Comorbidities: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024
ElSayed, N. A., Aleppo, G., Bannuru, R. R., Bruemmer, D., Collins, B. S., Ekhlaspour, L., Gaglia, J. L., Hilliard, M. E., Johnson, E. L., Khunti, K., et al. (2023) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc24-s003 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Couper, J., Haller, M. J., Greenbaum, C. J., Ziegler, A., Wherrett, D. K., Knip, M., & Craig, M. E. (2018) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.12734 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationRaab, J., Haupt, F., Scholz, M., Matzke, C., Warncke, K., Lange, K., Assfalg, R., Weininger, K., Wittich, S., Löbner, S., et al. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011144 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationMa, W.-T., Chang, C. C.-C., Gershwin, M. E., & Lian, Z. (2017) · Journal of Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2017.07.003 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Cost and cost-effectiveness of large-scale screening for type 1 diabetes in Colorado
McQueen, R. B., Geno Rasmussen, C., Waugh, K., Frohnert, B. I., Steck, A. K., Yu, L., Baxter, J., & Rewers, M. (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-2003 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationAtkinson, M. A., & Mirmira, R. G. (2023) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2023.06.018 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Adverse Events Associated with Immune Checkpoint Blockade
Tervaert, J.-W. C., Ye, C., & Yacyshyn, E. (2018) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc1801663 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Jacobsen, L. M., Bocchino, L., Evans-Molina, C., DiMeglio, L., Goland, R., Wilson, D. M., Atkinson, M. A., Aye, T., Russell, W. E., Wentworth, J. M., et al. (2020) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-019-05047-w · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Krischer, J. P., Liu, X., Lernmark, Å., Hagopian, W., Rewers, M., She, J., Toppari, J., Ziegler, A., Akolkar, B., & on behalf of the TEDDY Study Group (2017) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db17-0261 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Self-citationAnti-Islet Autoantibodies in Type 1 Diabetes
Kawasaki, E. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241210012 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Diet, Microbiota and Immune System in Type 1 Diabetes Development and Evolution
Mejía-León, M., & Barca, A. (2015) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7115461 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Altered N‐glycosylation profiles as potential biomarkers and drug targets in diabetes
Rudman, N., Gornik, O., & Lauc, G. (2019) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1002/1873-3468.13495 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Frazzei, G., van Vollenhoven, R., de Jong, B. A., Siegelaar, S. E., & van Schaardenburg, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.899372 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Type 1 diabetes vaccine candidates promote human Foxp3+Treg induction in humanized mice
Serr, I., Fürst, R. W., Achenbach, P., Scherm, M. G., Gökmen, F., Haupt, F., Sedlmeier, E., Knopff, A., Shultz, L. D., Willis, R. A., et al. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms10991 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationNoninvasive mapping of pancreatic inflammation in recent-onset type-1 diabetes patients
Gaglia, J. L., Harisinghani, M. G., Aganj, I., Wojtkiewicz, G. R., Hedgire, S., Benoist, C. O., Mathis, D. J., & Weissleder, R. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1424993112 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Type 1 diabetes: A predictable disease
Simmons, K. M. (2015) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v6.i3.380 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Childhood adiposity and risk of type 1 diabetes: A Mendelian randomization study
Censin, J. C., Nowak, C., Cooper, N., Bergsten, P., Todd, J. A., & Fall, T. (2017) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002362 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration and Risk of Islet Autoimmunity
Norris, J. M., Lee, H., Frederiksen, B. N., Erlund, I., Uusitalo, U., Yang, J., Lernmark, Å., Simell, O., Toppari, J., Rewers, M. J., et al. (2017) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db17-0802 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Ziegler, A. G., Rewers, M., Simell, O., Simell, T., Lempainen, J., Steck, A., Winkler, C., Ilonen, J., Veijola, R., Knip, M., Bonifacio, E., & Eisenbarth, G. S.
- Affiliations
- TUM Klinikum (DE)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- ORCID
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2013-06-19
- Volume
- 309
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 2473
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC4878912
- OpenAlex
- W2095256598
- Semantic Scholar
- 5a7a8cb24a1d4a727e23b19c717a8328b3ce09d6
- Cited by
- 1,312
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 118 · 2025: 133 · 2024: 103 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 107 · 2021: 127 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 92 · 2018: 92 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 89 · 2015: 83 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 18
- FWCI
- 54.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- mediaTUM (Technical University of Munich) (submittedVersion)
- Site cant be reached (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International (4‐1999‐731, 4‐2001‐435)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (/14-2, /14-1)
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
- Novo Nordisk
- Lastentautien Tutkimussäätiö
- National Institutes of Health (DK32493)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK32493, R01DK032493, U01DK063821)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Keywords
- type 1 diabetes, islet autoantibodies, seroconversion, multiple autoantibodies, progression to diabetes, insulin autoantibodies, GAD65 antibodies, IA-2 autoantibodies, preclinical diabetes, risk prediction, age at seroconversion, islet transplantation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Autoantibodies, Child, Child, Preschool, Colorado, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Female, Finland, Follow-Up Studies, Genotype, Germany, Glutamate Decarboxylase, Humans, Infant, Insulin, Islets of Langerhans, Male, Prospective Studies, Risk, Disease Progression, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 8
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
