CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 666Genetic Associations and EpidemiologyGenetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and AnimalsGenetic and phenotypic traits in livestock

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Genetics of global gene expression

Rockman, Matthew V., Kruglyak, Leonid·2006·Nature Reviews Genetics
DOI 10.1038/nrg1964
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

A new field of genetic analysis of global gene expression has emerged in recent years, driven by the realization that traditional techniques of linkage and association analysis can be applied to thousands of transcript levels measured by microarrays. Genetic dissection of transcript abundance has shed light on the architecture of quantitative traits, provided a new approach for connecting DNA sequence variation with phenotypic variation, and improved our understanding of transcriptional regulation and regulatory variation.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/nrg1964

Cites

0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Show all 0 references

Research works printed but not linked: 112

  1. Brem, R. B., Yvert, G., Clinton, R. & Kruglyak, L. Genetic dissection of transcriptional regulation in budding yeast. Science 296, 752–755 (2002). The first study to report genetic mapping of global gene expression measured with microarrays. The authors described local and distant linkages and expression QTL hot spots, and showed that the inheritance of transcript levels is usually complex. · DOI
  2. Sandberg, R. et al. Regional and strain-specific gene expression mapping in the adult mouse brain. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 11038–11043 (2000). · DOI
  3. Primig, M. et al. The core meiotic transcriptome in budding yeasts. Nature Genet. 26, 415–423 (2000). · DOI
  4. Cavalieri, D., Townsend, J. P. & Hartl, D. L. Manifold anomalies in gene expression in a vineyard isolate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed by DNA microarray analysis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 12369–12374 (2000). · DOI
  5. Karp, C. L. et al. Identification of complement factor 5 as a susceptibility locus for experimental allergic asthma. Nature Immunol. 1, 221–226 (2000). · DOI
  6. Jin, W. et al. The contributions of sex, genotype and age to transcriptional variance in Drosophila melanogaster. Nature Genet. 29, 389–395 (2001). · DOI
  7. Jansen, R. C. & Nap, J. P. Genetical genomics: the added value from segregation. Trends Genet. 17, 388–391 (2001). A theoretical proposal to combine linkage analysis with expression profiling. · DOI
  8. Yvert, G. et al. Trans-acting regulatory variation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the role of transcription factors. Nature Genet. 35, 57–64 (2003). This detailed analysis of distant regulatory variation identified two polymorphisms that are responsible for expression QTL hot spots and showed that distant regulatory loci are not enriched for transcription factors. · DOI
  9. Schadt, E. E. et al. Genetics of gene expression surveyed in maize, mouse and man. Nature 422, 297–302 (2003). This first study of the genetics of global gene expression in a mammal focused on a mouse cross and showed how expression traits can be connected with a physiological phenotype such as obesity. · DOI
  10. Hubner, N. et al. Integrated transcriptional profiling and linkage analysis for identification of genes underlying disease. Nature Genet. 37, 243–253 (2005). · DOI
  11. Bystrykh, L. et al. Uncovering regulatory pathways that affect hematopoietic stem cell function using 'genetical genomics'. Nature Genet. 37, 225–232 (2005). · DOI
  12. Chesler, E. J. et al. Complex trait analysis of gene expression uncovers polygenic and pleiotropic networks that modulate nervous system function. Nature Genet. 37, 233–242 (2005). References 11–13 describe extensive studies of the genetics of global gene expression in recombinant inbred lines of rodents. · DOI · Paper page
  13. DeCook, R., Lall, S., Nettleton, D. & Howell, S. H. Genetic regulation of gene expression during shoot development in Arabidopsis. Genetics 172, 1155–1164 (2006). · DOI
  14. Kirst, M. et al. Coordinated genetic regulation of growth and lignin revealed by quantitative trait locus analysis of cDNA microarray data in an interspecific backcross of eucalyptus. Plant Physiol. 135, 2368–2378 (2004). · DOI
  15. Monks, S. A. et al. Genetic inheritance of gene expression in human cell lines. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 75, 1094–1105 (2004). · DOI
  16. Morley, M. et al. Genetic analysis of genome-wide variation in human gene expression. Nature 430, 743–747 (2004). References 16 and 17 extended linkage studies of global gene expression to humans by carrying out expression profiling in cell lines from previously genotyped CEPH reference families. · DOI
  17. Cheung, V. G. et al. Mapping determinants of human gene expression by regional and genome-wide association. Nature 437, 1365–1369 (2005). · DOI
  18. Stranger, B. E. et al. Genome-wide associations of gene expression variation in humans. PLoS Genet. 1, e78 (2005). References 18 and 19 reported the first population association studies of expression of a subset of human genes measured in cell lines from CEPH individuals previously densely genotyped at over a million SNPs by the International HapMap Project. · DOI
  19. Mehrabian, M. et al. Integrating genotypic and expression data in a segregating mouse population to identify 5-lipoxygenase as a susceptibility gene for obesity and bone traits. Nature Genet. 37, 1224–1233 (2005). · DOI
  20. Wang, S. et al. Genetic and genomic analysis of a fat mass trait with complex inheritance reveals marked sex specificity. PLoS Genet. 2, e15 (2006). · DOI
  21. Llinas, M., Bozdech, Z., Wong, E. D., Adai, A. T. & DeRisi, J. L. Comparative whole genome transcriptome analysis of three Plasmodium falciparum strains. Nucleic Acids Res. 34, 1166–1173 (2006). · DOI
  22. Kendziorski, C. & Wang, P. A review of statistical methods for expression quantitative trait loci mapping. Mamm. Genome 17, 509–517 (2006). · DOI
  23. King, M. C. & Wilson, A. C. Evolution at two levels in humans and chimpanzees. Science 188, 107–116 (1975). This classic paper proposed that regulatory mutations that alter gene expression have a key role in biological differences between species. · DOI · Paper page
  24. Stern, D. L. Evolutionary developmental biology and the problem of variation. Evolution 54, 1079–1091 (2000). · DOI · Paper page
  25. Wray, G. A. et al. The evolution of transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes. Mol. Biol. Evol. 20, 1377–1419 (2003). · DOI
  26. Carroll, S. B., Grenier, J. K. & Weatherbee, S. D. From DNA to Diversity: Molecular Genetics and the Evolution of Animal Design (Blackwell Science, London, 2001).
  27. Beavis, W. D. in Molecular Dissection of Complex Traits (ed. Patterson, A. H.) 145–162 (CRC, New York, 1998).
  28. Brem, R. B. & Kruglyak, L. The landscape of genetic complexity across 5,700 gene expression traits in yeast. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 1572–1577 (2005). A detailed analysis of complex genetic architectures of expression traits. · DOI · Paper page
  29. Farrall, M. Quantitative genetic variation: a post-modern view. Hum. Mol. Genet. 13, R1–R7 (2004). · DOI
  30. Orr, H. A. The population genetics of adaptation: the distribution of factors fixed during adaptive evolution. Evolution 52, 935–949 (1998). · DOI
  31. Barton, N. H. & Keightley, P. D. Understanding quantitative genetic variation. Nature Rev. Genet. 3, 11–21 (2002). · DOI
  32. Gibson, G. et al. Extensive sex-specific nonadditivity of gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 167, 1791–1799 (2004). · DOI
  33. Swanson-Wagner, R. A. et al. All possible modes of gene action are observed in a global comparison of gene expression in a maize F1 hybrid and its inbred parents. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 6805–6810 (2006). · DOI
  34. Wayne, M. L., Pan, Y. J., Nuzhdin, S. V. & McIntyre, L. M. Additivity and trans-acting effects on gene expression in male Drosophila simulans. Genetics 168, 1413–1420 (2004). · DOI
  35. Vuylsteke, M., van Eeuwijk, F., Van Hummelen, P., Kuiper, M. & Zabeau, M. Genetic analysis of variation in gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetics 171, 1267–1275 (2005). · DOI
  36. Brem, R. B., Storey, J. D., Whittle, J. & Kruglyak, L. Genetic interactions between polymorphisms that affect gene expression in yeast. Nature 436, 701–703 (2005). · DOI
  37. Storey, J. D., Akey, J. M. & Kruglyak, L. Multiple locus linkage analysis of genomewide expression in yeast. PLoS Biol. 3, e267 (2005). · DOI
  38. Carlborg, O. et al. Methodological aspects of the genetic dissection of gene expression. Bioinformatics 21, 2383–2393 (2005). · DOI
  39. Landry, C. R., Oh, J., Hartl, D. L. & Cavalieri, D. Genome-wide scan reveals that genetic variation for transcriptional plasticity in yeast is biased towards multi-copy and dispensable genes. Gene 366, 343–351 (2006). · DOI
  40. Chen, W. J. et al. Contribution of transcriptional regulation to natural variations in Arabidopsis. Genome Biol. 6, R32 (2005). · DOI
  41. Whitehead, A. & Crawford, D. L. Variation in tissue-specific gene expression among natural populations. Genome Biol. 6, R13 (2005). · DOI
  42. Cotsapas, C. J. et al. Genetic dissection of gene regulation in multiple mouse tissues. Mamm. Genome 17, 490–495 (2006). · DOI
  43. Benzer, S. Fine structure of a genetic region in Bacteriophage. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 41, 344–354 (1955). · DOI
  44. Lewis, E. B. Pseudoallelism and gene evolution. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 16, 159–174 (1951). · DOI
  45. Pontecorvo, G. Genetic formulation of gene structure and gene action. Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Subj. Biochem. 13, 121–149 (1952).
  46. Ronald, J., Brem, R. B., Whittle, J. & Kruglyak, L. Local regulatory variation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS Genet. 1, e25 (2005). · DOI
  47. Doss, S., Schadt, E. E., Drake, T. A. & Lusis, A. J. Cis-acting expression quantitative trait loci in mice. Genome Res. 15, 681–691 (2005). References 49 and 50 use classic cis/trans tests to determine the contribution of cis -acting polymorphisms to local regulatory variation. · DOI · Paper page
  48. Lettice, L. A. et al. Disruption of a long-range cis-acting regulator for Shh causes preaxial polydactyly. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 7548–7553 (2002). · DOI
  49. Loots, G. G. et al. Identification of a coordinate regulator of interleukins 4, 13, and 5 by cross-species sequence comparisons. Science 288, 136–140 (2000). · DOI
  50. Nobrega, M. A., Ovcharenko, I., Afzal, V. & Rubin, E. M. Scanning human gene deserts for long-range enhancers. Science 302, 413 (2003). · DOI · Paper page
  51. Spilianakis, C. G., Lalioti, M. D., Town, T., Lee, G. R. & Flavell, R. A. Interchromosomal associations between alternatively expressed loci. Nature 435, 637–645 (2005). · DOI
  52. Hahn, M. W., Stajich, J. E. & Wray, G. A. The effects of selection against spurious transcription factor binding sites. Mol. Biol. Evol. 20, 901–906 (2003). · DOI
  53. Schadt, E. E. Exploiting naturally occurring DNA variation and molecular profiling data to dissect disease and drug response traits. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 16, 647–654 (2005). · DOI
  54. Yan, H., Yuan, W., Velculescu, V. E., Vogelstein, B. & Kinzler, K. W. Allelic variation in human gene expression. Science 297, 1143 (2002). · DOI
  55. Cowles, C. R., Hirschhorn, J. N., Altshuler, D. & Lander, E. S. Detection of regulatory variation in mouse genes. Nature Genet. 32, 432–437 (2002). · DOI · Paper page
  56. Pastinen, T. et al. A survey of genetic and epigenetic variation affecting human gene expression. Physiol. Genomics 16, 184–193 (2004). · DOI
  57. Knight, J. C., Keating, B. J. & Kwiatkowski, D. P. Allele-specific repression of lymphotoxin-α by activated B cell factor-1. Nature Genet. 36, 394–349 (2004). · DOI
  58. Damerval, C., Maurice, A., Josse, J. M. & de Vienne, D. Quantitative trait loci underlying gene product variation: a novel perspective for analyzing regulation of genome expression. Genetics 137, 289–301 (1994). · DOI
  59. Klose, J. et al. Genetic analysis of the mouse brain proteome. Nature Genet. 30, 385–393 (2002). References 61 and 62 describe classic and modern studies (respectively) of the genetics of protein abundance measured with two-dimensional gels. · DOI
  60. Lo, H. S. et al. Allelic variation in gene expression is common in the human genome. Genome Res. 13, 1855–1862 (2003). · DOI
  61. Ronald, J. et al. Simultaneous genotyping, gene-expression measurement, and detection of allele-specific expression with oligonucleotide arrays. Genome Res. 15, 284–291 (2005). · DOI
  62. Pant, P. V. et al. Analysis of allelic differential expression in human white blood cells. Genome Res. 16, 331–339 (2006). · DOI
  63. Buckland, P. R. et al. A high proportion of polymorphisms in the promoters of brain expressed genes influences transcriptional activity. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1690, 238–249 (2004). · DOI
  64. Hoogendoorn, B. et al. Functional analysis of human promoter polymorphisms. Hum. Mol. Genet. 12, 2249–2254 (2003). · DOI
  65. Buckland, P. R. et al. A high proportion of chromosome 21 promoter polymorphisms influence transcriptional activity. Gene Expr. 11, 233–239 (2004). · DOI
  66. Rockman, M. V. & Wray, G. A. Abundant raw material for cis-regulatory evolution in humans. Mol. Biol. Evol. 19, 1991–2004 (2002). · DOI
  67. Knight, J. C. Allele-specific gene expression uncovered. Trends Genet. 20, 113–116 (2004). · DOI
  68. Horan, M. et al. Human growth hormone 1 (GH1) gene expression: complex haplotype-dependent influence of polymorphic variation in the proximal promoter and locus control region. Hum. Mutat. 21, 408–423 (2003). · DOI
  69. Tao, H., Cox, D. R. & Frazer, K. A. Allele-specific KRT1 expression is a complex trait. PLoS Genet. 2, e93 (2006). · DOI
  70. Perez-Enciso, M. In silico study of transcriptome genetic variation in outbred populations. Genetics 166, 547–554 (2004). · DOI
  71. Allison, D. B. et al. Multiple phenotype modeling in gene-mapping studies of quantitative traits: power advantages. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 63, 1190–1201 (1998). · DOI
  72. Jiang, C. & Zeng, Z. B. Multiple trait analysis of genetic mapping for quantitative trait loci. Genetics 140, 1111–1127 (1995). · DOI
  73. Bing, N. & Hoeschele, I. Genetical genomics analysis of a yeast segregant population for transcription network inference. Genetics 170, 533–542 (2005). · DOI
  74. Kulp, D. C. & Jagalur, M. Causal inference of regulator-target pairs by gene mapping of expression phenotypes. BMC Genomics 7, 125 (2006). · DOI
  75. Gunderson, K. L. et al. Whole-genome genotyping of haplotype tag single nucleotide polymorphisms. Pharmacogenomics 7, 641–648 (2006). · DOI
  76. Matsuzaki, H. et al. Parallel genotyping of over 10,000 SNPs using a one-primer assay on a high-density oligonucleotide array. Genome Res. 14, 414–425 (2004). · DOI
  77. Gresham, D. et al. Genome-wide detection of polymorphisms at nucleotide resolution with a single DNA microarray. Science 311, 1932–1936 (2006). · DOI
  78. Deutschbauer, A. M. & Davis, R. W. Quantitative trait loci mapped to single-nucleotide resolution in yeast. Nature Genet. 37, 1333–1340 (2005). · DOI
  79. Steinmetz, L. M. et al. Dissecting the architecture of a quantitative trait locus in yeast. Nature 416, 326–330 (2002). · DOI
  80. Gibson, G. & Weir, B. The quantitative genetics of transcription. Trends Genet. 21, 616–623 (2005). · DOI
  81. Hamblin, M. T., Thompson, E. E. & Di Rienzo, A. Complex signatures of natural selection at the Duffy blood group locus. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70, 369–383 (2002). · DOI
  82. Bersaglieri, T. et al. Genetic signatures of strong recent positive selection at the lactase gene. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74, 1111–1120 (2004). · DOI
  83. Crawford, D. L., Segal, J. A. & Barnett, J. L. Evolutionary analysis of TATA-less proximal promoter function. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16, 194–207 (1999). · DOI
  84. Hahn, M. W., Rockman, M. V., Soranzo, N., Goldstein, D. B. & Wray, G. A. Population genetic and phylogenetic evidence for positive selection on regulatory mutations at the factor VII locus in humans. Genetics 167, 867–877 (2004). · DOI
  85. Rockman, M. V., Hahn, M. W., Soranzo, N., Goldstein, D. B. & Wray, G. A. Positive selection on a human-specific transcription factor binding site regulating IL4 expression. Curr. Biol. 13, 2118–2123 (2003). · DOI
  86. Rockman, M. V. et al. Positive selection on MMP3 regulation has shaped heart disease risk. Curr. Biol. 14, 1531–1539 (2004). · DOI
  87. Rockman, M. V. et al. Ancient and recent positive selection transformed opioid cis-regulation in humans. PLoS Biol. 3, e387 (2005). · DOI
  88. Bamshad, M. J. et al. A strong signature of balancing selection in the 5′ cis-regulatory region of CCR5. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 10539–10544 (2002). · DOI
  89. Emison, E. S. et al. A common sex-dependent mutation in a RET enhancer underlies Hirschsprung disease risk. Nature 434, 857–863 (2005). · DOI
  90. Takahashi, A., Tsaur, S. C., Coyne, J. A. & Wu, C. I. The nucleotide changes governing cuticular hydrocarbon variation and their evolution in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 3920–3925 (2001). · DOI
  91. Perlstein, E. O. et al. Revealing complex traits with small molecules and naturally recombinant yeast strains. Chem. Biol. 13, 319–327 (2006). · DOI
  92. Churchill, G. A. & Doerge, R. W. Empirical threshold values for quantitative trait mapping. Genetics 138, 963–971 (1994). · DOI
  93. Storey, J. D. & Tibshirani, R. Statistical significance for genomewide studies. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 9440–9445 (2003). · DOI · Paper page
  94. Perez-Enciso, M. Multiple association analysis via simulated annealing (MASSA). Bioinformatics 22, 573–580 (2006). · DOI
  95. Lan, H. et al. Dimension reduction for mapping mRNA abundance as quantitative traits. Genetics 164, 1607–1614 (2003). · DOI
  96. Li, H. Q. et al. Inferring gene transcriptional modulatory relations: a genetical genomics approach. Hum. Mol. Genet. 14, 1119–1125 (2005). · DOI
  97. Haldane, J. B. S. The time of action of genes, and its bearing on some evolutionary problems. Am. Nat. 66, 5–24 (1932). · DOI
  98. Jacob, F. & Monod, J. Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 3, 318–356 (1961). · DOI · Paper page
  99. Schwartz, D. Genetic studies on mutant enzymes in maize. III. Contol of gene action in the synthesis of pH 7.5 esterase. Genetics 47, 1609–1615 (1962). · DOI
  100. Wallace, B. Genetic diversity, genetic uniformity, and heterosis. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 5, 239–253 (1963). · DOI
  101. Zuckerkandl, E. in Classification and Human Evolution (ed. Washburn, S. L.) (Aldine, Chicago, 1963).
  102. Abraham, I. & Doane, W. W. Genetic regulation of tissue-specific expression of amylase structural genes in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 75, 4446–4450 (1978). · DOI
  103. Powell, J. R. Population genetics of Drosophila amylase. II. Geographic patterns in D. pseudoobscura. Genetics 92, 613–622 (1979). · DOI
  104. Matsuo, Y. & Yamazaki, T. Genetic analysis of natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster in Japan. IV. Natural selection on the inducibility, but not on the structural genes, of amylase loci. Genetics 108, 879–896 (1984). · DOI
  105. Powell, J. R. & Andjelkovic, M. Population genetics of Drosophila amylase. IV. Selection in laboratory populations maintained on different carbohydrates. Genetics 103, 675–89 (1983). · DOI
  106. Ayala, F. J. & McDonald, J. F. Continuous variation: possible role of regulatory genes. Genetica 52/53, 1–15 (1980). · DOI
  107. Allendorf, F. W., Knudsen, K. L. & Phelps, S. R. Identification of a gene regulating the tissue expression of a phosphoglucomutase locus in rainbow trout. Genetics 102, 259–268 (1982). · DOI
  108. Laurie-Ahlberg, C. C., Maroni, G., Bewley, G. C., Lucchesi, J. C. & Weir, B. S. Quantitative genetic variation of enzyme activities in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 77, 1073–1077 (1980). · DOI
  109. Stumpf, M. P., Wiuf, C. & May, R. M. Subnets of scale-free networks are not scale-free: sampling properties of networks. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 4221–4224 (2005). · DOI
  110. Gomulkiewicz, R. & Kirkpatrick, M. Quantitative genetics and the evolution of reaction norms. Evolution 46, 390–411 (1992). · DOI
  111. Ohta, T. Origin of the neutral and nearly neutral theories of evolution. J. Biosci. 28, 371–377 (2003). · DOI
  112. Wittkopp, P. J., Haerum, B. K. & Clark, A. G. Evolutionary changes in cis and trans gene regulation. Nature 430, 85–88 (2004). · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 501–599 of 599

Metadata

Authors
Rockman, M. V., & Kruglyak, L.
Affiliations
Princeton University (US)
Corresponding author
Kruglyak, Leonid
ORCID
Venue
Nature Reviews Genetics
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2006-11
Volume
7
Issue
11
Pages
862-872
ISSN
  • 1471-0056 (ISSN-L)
  • 1471-0064
DOI
10.1038/nrg1964
OpenAlex
W2040912377
Cited by
666
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 41
FWCI
4.66
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Nature Reviews Genetics (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • James S. McDonnell Foundation
  • Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund for Medical Research
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
Keywords
global gene expression, mRNA levels, quantitative traits, transcriptional regulation, regulatory variation, DNA sequence variation, phenotypic variability, gene expression microarrays, linkage analysis, association analysis
MeSH terms
Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Fungal Proteins, Genetic Techniques, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Transcription, Genetic, Genetic Variation, Yeasts, Gene Expression, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Quantitative Trait Loci

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review