Molecular mechanism of the nuclear protein import cycle

Stewart, Murray

doi:10.1038/nrm2114

Cited by 919Nuclear Structure and FunctionMicrotubule and mitosis dynamicsProtein Structure and Dynamics

Molecular mechanism of the nuclear protein import cycle

Stewart, Murray·2007·Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology

DOI 10.1038/nrm2114

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The nuclear import of proteins through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) illustrates how a complex biological function can be generated by a spatially and temporally organized cycle of interactions between cargoes, carriers and the Ran GTPase. Recent work has given considerable insight into this process, especially about how interactions are coordinated and the basis for the molecular recognition that underlies the process. Although considerable progress has been made in identifying and characterizing the molecular interactions in the soluble phase that drive the nuclear protein import cycle, understanding the precise mechanism of translocation through NPCs remains a major challenge.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/nrm2114

Cites

101 of 101 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

In the absence of sumoylation, RanGAP1 is unable to bind RanBP2 or localize to the nuclear envelope.
“In the absence of sumoylation, RanGAP1 is unable to bind RanBP2 or localize to the nuclear envelope (Figure 4C, (31–33).”
From Nemo-like kinase disrupts nuclear import and drives TDP43 mislocalization in ALS (2025) · cites this paper as [33]
Importin-α acts as an adaptor protein that recognizes the NLS of cargo proteins and is transported as a ternary complex with importin-β into the nucleus.
“Importin-α is a constituent of the classical nuclear import pathway. It acts as an adaptor protein that recognizes the NLS of cargo proteins and is transported as a ternary complex with importin-β into the nucleus [39], [40]”
From UV-Induced Nuclear Import of XPA Is Mediated by Importin-α4 in An ATR-Dependent Manner (2013) · cites this paper as [40]
Cargo protein with a classic NLS requires a direct interaction with importin-α to be transported through the nuclear pore complex.
“Cargo protein with a classic NLS requires a direct interaction with importin-α to be transported through the nuclear pore complex [31], [40], [45], [46], [47]”
From UV-Induced Nuclear Import of XPA Is Mediated by Importin-α4 in An ATR-Dependent Manner (2013) · cites this paper as [40]
Transportation of cargo protein in importin-α/−β protein complexes through the NPC requires energy derived from the activities of GTPases.
“Transportation of cargo protein in importin-α/−β protein complexes through the NPC requires energy derived from the activities of GTPases [40], [45] (Figure 2A).”
From UV-Induced Nuclear Import of XPA Is Mediated by Importin-α4 in An ATR-Dependent Manner (2013) · cites this paper as [40]

The Theory of Polymer Dynamics
Marrucci, G. (1987) · Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1016/0377-0257(87)85036-x · Cited by 10,050 · see citing works
The theory of polymer dynamics
Doi, M., & Edwards, S. F. (1986) · Cited by 8,964 · see citing works
Physical chemistry of macromolecules
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-2038 · Cited by 3,765 · see citing works
Conformations of Polymers Attached to an Interface
de Gennes, P. G. (1980) · Macromolecules · doi:10.1021/ma60077a009 · Cited by 2,339 · see citing works
Physical chemistry of macromolecules
Fixman, M. (1962) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1016/0010-406x(62)90048-8 · Cited by 2,022 · see citing works
Transport Between the Cell Nucleus and the Cytoplasm
Görlich, D., & Kutay, U. (1999) · Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.15.1.607 · Cited by 2,006 · see citing works
The Yeast Nuclear Pore Complex
Rout, M. P., Aitchison, J. D., Suprapto, A., Hjertaas, K., Zhao, Y., & Chait, B. T. (2000) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.148.4.635 · Cited by 1,403 · see citing works
Proteomic analysis of the mammalian nuclear pore complex
Cronshaw, J. M., Krutchinsky, A. N., Zhang, W., Chait, B. T., & Matunis, M. J. (2002) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200206106 · Cited by 968 · see citing works
Transport into and out of the Nucleus
Macara, I. G. (2001) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.65.4.570-594.2001 · Cited by 907 · see citing works
Crystallographic Analysis of the Recognition of a Nuclear Localization Signal by the Nuclear Import Factor Karyopherin α
Conti, E., Uy, M., Leighton, L., Blobel, G., & Kuriyan, J. (1998) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81419-1 · Cited by 782 · see citing works
Kinetic analysis of translocation through nuclear pore complexes
Ribbeck, K., & Görlich, D. (2001) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/20.6.1320 · Cited by 774 · see citing works
Protein import into nuclei: association and dissociation reactions involving transport substrate, transport factors, and nucleoporins
Rexach, M. F., & Blobel, G. (1995) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90181-7 · Cited by 771 · see citing works
FG-Rich Repeats of Nuclear Pore Proteins Form a Three-Dimensional Meshwork with Hydrogel-Like Properties
Frey, S., Richter, R. P., & Görlich, D. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1132516 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Receptor‐Mediated Nuclear Import and Nuclear Export
Pemberton, L. F., & Paschal, B. M. (2005) · Traffic · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2005.00270.x · Cited by 689 · see citing works
Regulating Access to the Genome
Weis, K. (2003) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00082-5 · Cited by 668 · see citing works
Importin α: a multipurpose nuclear-transport receptor
Goldfarb, D. S., Corbett, A. H., Mason, D. A., Harreman, M. T., & Adam, S. A. (2004) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2004.07.016 · Cited by 658 · see citing works
The permeability barrier of nuclear pore complexes appears to operate via hydrophobic exclusion
Ribbeck, K., & Görlich, D. (2002) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/21.11.2664 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Structure of importin-β bound to the IBB domain of importin-α
Cingolani, G., Petosa, C., Weis, K., & Müller, C. W. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/20367 · Cited by 577 · see citing works
Rules for Nuclear Localization Sequence Recognition by Karyopherinβ2
Lee, B. J., Cansizoglu, A. E., Süel, K. E., Louis, T. H., Zhang, Z., & Chook, Y. M. (2006) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.05.049 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Nuclear protein migration involves two steps: Rapid binding at the nuclear envelope followed by slower translocation through nuclear pores
Richardson, W. D., Mills, A. D., Dilworth, S. M., Laskey, R. A., & Dingwall, C. (1988) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(88)90403-5 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Karyopherins and nuclear import
Chook, Y. M. (2001) · Current Opinion in Structural Biology · doi:10.1016/s0959-440x(01)00264-0 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Disorder in the nuclear pore complex: The FG repeat regions of nucleoporins are natively unfolded
Denning, D. P., Patel, S. S., Uversky, V. N., et al. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0437902100 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Nuclear Pore Complex Structure and Dynamics Revealed by Cryoelectron Tomography
Beck, M., Förster, F. G., Ecke, M., Plitzko, J. M., Melchior, F., Gerisch, G., Baumeister, W. P., & Medalia, O. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1104808 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Dynamic Nuclear Pore Complexes: Life on the Edge
Tran, E. J., & Wente, S. R. (2006) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.05.027 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
NTF2 mediates nuclear import of Ran
Ribbeck, K., Lipowsky, G., Kent, H. M., et al. (1998) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/17.22.6587 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Structural Basis for the Interaction between FxFG Nucleoporin Repeats and Importin-β in Nuclear Trafficking
Bayliss, R., Littlewood, T. D., & Stewart, M. (2000) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)00014-3 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Novel Class of RanGTP Binding Proteins
Görlich, D., Dabrowski, M., Bischoff, F. R., Kutay, U., Peer Bork, B., Hartmann, E., Prehn, S., & Izaurralde, E. (1997) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.138.1.65 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
The nuclear pore complex: nucleocytoplasmic transport and beyond
Fahrenkrog, B., & Aebi, U. (2003) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm1230 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
A 41 amino acid motif in importin‐alpha confers binding to importin‐beta and hence transit into the nucleus.
Görlich, D., Henklein, P., Laskey, R. A., & Hartmann, E. (1996) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00530.x · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Architecture of the Xenopus nuclear pore complex revealed by three-dimensional cryo-electron microscopy
Akey, C. W., & Radermacher, M. (1993) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.122.1.1 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Autoinhibition by an internal nuclear localization signal revealed by the crystal structure of mammalian importin alpha.
Kobe, B. (1999) · Nature Structural Biology · doi:10.1038/7625 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Structural basis of recognition of monopartite and bipartite nuclear localization sequences by mammalian importin-α11Edited by K. Nagai
Fontes, M. R. M., Teh, T., & Kobe, B. (2000) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.2000.3642 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Components of Coated Vesicles and Nuclear Pore Complexes Share a Common Molecular Architecture
Devos, D. P., Dokudovskaya, S., Alber, F., Williams, R., Chait, B. T., Šali, A., & Rout, M. P. (2004) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020380 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Minimal nuclear pore complexes define FG repeat domains essential for transport
Strawn, L. A., Shen, T., Shul'ga, N. I., et al. (2004) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb1097 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Virtual gating and nuclear transport: the hole picture
Rout, M. P. (2003) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2003.10.007 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Structure of the nuclear transport complex karyopherin-β2–Ran˙GppNHp
Chook, Y. M., & Blobel, G. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/20375 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Structural View of the Ran–Importin β Interaction at 2.3 Å Resolution
Vetter, I. R., Arndt, A., Kutay, U., Görlich, D., & Wittinghofer, A. (1999) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80774-6 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Dissection of a Nuclear Localization Signal
Hodel, M. R., Corbett, A. H., & Hodel, A. E. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m008522200 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Karyopherins: from nuclear-transport mediators to nuclear-function regulators
Mosammaparast, N., & Pemberton, L. F. (2004) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2004.09.004 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Structure of a Ran-binding domain complexed with Ran bound to a GTP analogue: implications for nuclear transport
Vetter, I. R., Nowak, C., Nishimoto, T., Kuhlmann, J., & Wittinghofer, A. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/17969 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Crystallographic analysis of the specific yet versatile recognition of distinct nuclear localization signals by karyopherin α
Conti, E., & Kuriyan, J. (2000) · Structure · doi:10.1016/s0969-2126(00)00107-6 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Pores for thought: nuclear pore complex proteins
Rout, M. P., & Wente, S. R. (1994) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/0962-8924(94)90085-x · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Flexible phenylalanine-glycine nucleoporins as entropic barriers to nucleocytoplasmic transport
Lim, R. Y. H., Huang, N., Köser, J., et al. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0603521103 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Gradient of Increasing Affinity of Importin β for Nucleoporins along the Pathway of Nuclear Import
Ben‐Efraim, I., & Gerace, L. (2001) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.152.2.411 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Imaging of single-molecule translocation through nuclear pore complexes
Yang, W., Gelles, J., & Musser, S. M. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0403675101 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Nucleocytoplasmic transport enters the atomic age
Conti, E., & Izaurralde, E. (2001) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/s0955-0674(00)00213-1 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
RanBP1 is crucial for the release of RanGTP from importin β‐related nuclear transport factors
Bischoff, F. R., & Görlich, D. (1997) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(97)01467-1 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
The conserved amino‐terminal domain of hSRP1 alpha is essential for nuclear protein import.
Weis, K., Ryder, U., & Lamond, A. I. (1996) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00531.x · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Structural Basis for the Recognition of a Nucleoporin FG Repeat by the NTF2-like Domain of the TAP/p15 mRNA Nuclear Export Factor
Fribourg, S., Kos‐Braun, I. C., Izaurralde, E., & Conti, E. (2001) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(01)00348-3 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Nuclear import of Ran is mediated by the transport factor NTF2
Smith, A. E., Brownawell, A. M., & Macara, I. G. (1998) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(98)00023-2 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Structural Basis for Guanine Nucleotide Exchange on Ran by the Regulator of Chromosome Condensation (RCC1)
Renault, L., Kuhlmann, J., Henkel, A. W., & Wittinghofer, A. (2001) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00315-4 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Nuclear transport of single molecules
Kubitscheck, U., Grünwald, D., Hoekstra, A., et al. (2005) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200411005 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Cryo-electron Tomography Provides Novel Insights into Nuclear Pore Architecture: Implications for Nucleocytoplasmic Transport
Stoffler, D., Feja, B., Fahrenkrog, B., Walz, J. C., Typke, D., & Aebi, U. (2003) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0022-2836(03)00266-3 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Structure, biochemistry, and functions of the nuclear envelope.
Franke, W. W. (1974) · PubMed · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Characterization of Ran‐driven cargo transport and the RanGTPase system by kinetic measurements and computer simulation
Görlich, D., Seewald, M. J., & Ribbeck, K. (2003) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/cdg113 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
RanGAP mediates GTP hydrolysis without an arginine finger
Seewald, M. J., Körner, C., Wittinghofer, A., & Vetter, I. R. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/415662a · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Structural basis for the assembly of a nuclear export complex
Matsuura, Y., & Stewart, M. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03144 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Structure of Importin-ß Bound to SREBP-2: Nuclear Import of a Transcription Factor
Lee, S. J., Sekimoto, T., Yamashita, E., Nagoshi, E., Nakagawa, A., Imamoto, N., Yoshimura, M., Sakai, H., Chong, K. T., Tomitake Tsukihara, A., et al. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1088372 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Structural basis for nuclear import complex dissociation by RanGTP
Lee, S. J., Matsuura, Y., Liu, S. M., & Stewart, M. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03578 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Self-citation
Karyopherin flexibility in nucleocytoplasmic transport
Conti, E., Müller, C. W., & Stewart, M. (2006) · Current Opinion in Structural Biology · doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2006.03.010 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Self-citation
GLFG and FxFG Nucleoporins Bind to Overlapping Sites on Importin-β
Bayliss, R. W., Littlewood, T. D., Strawn, L. A., Wente, S. R., & Stewart, M. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m209037200 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Self-citation
Molecular Basis for the Recognition of a Nonclassical Nuclear Localization Signal by Importin β
Cingolani, G., Bednenko, J., Gillespie, M. T., & Gerace, L. (2002) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(02)00727-x · Cited by 213 · see citing works
The cytoplasmic filaments of the nuclear pore complex are dispensable for selective nuclear protein import
Walther, T. C., Pickersgill, H., Cordes, V. C., et al. (2002) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200202088 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Systems Analysis of Ran Transport
Smith, A. E., Slepchenko, B. M., Schaff, J. C., Loew, L. M., & Macara, I. G. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1064732 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
The direction of transport through the nuclear pore can be inverted
Nachury, M. V., & Weis, K. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.17.9622 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Nuclear Import of Histone H2a and H2b Is Mediated by a Network of Karyopherins
Mosammaparast, N., Jackson, K. R., Guo, Y., et al. (2001) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.153.2.251 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Interaction between NTF2 and xFxFG-containing nucleoporins is required to mediate nuclear import of RanGDP 1 1Edited by I. B. Holland
Bayliss, R., Ribbeck, K., Akin, D., et al. (1999) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.1999.3166 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Structural basis for the interaction between NTF2 and nucleoporin FxFG repeats
Bayliss, R., Leung, S. W., Baker, R. P., et al. (2002) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/cdf305 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Nup50/Npap60 function in nuclear protein import complex disassembly and importin recycling
Matsuura, Y., & Stewart, M. (2005) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600843 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citation
Nuclear import time and transport efficiency depend on importin β concentration
Yang, W., & Musser, S. M. (2006) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200605053 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Structural basis for molecular recognition between nuclear transport factor 2 (NTF2) and the GDP-bound form of the ras-family GTPase ran 1 1Edited by I. B. Holland
Stewart, M., Kent, H. M., & McCoy, A. J. (1998) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.1997.1602 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citation
Biophysical Characterization of Interactions Involving Importin-α during Nuclear Import
Catimel, B., Teh, T., Fontes, M. R. M., Jennings, I. G., Jans, D. A., Howlett, G. J., Nice, E. C., & Kobe, B. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m103531200 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
The 1.6 Å Resolution Crystal Structure of Nuclear Transport Factor 2 (NTF2)
Bullock, T. L., Clarkson, D. W., Kent, H. M., & Stewart, M. (1996) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.1996.0411 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Self-citation
Simple kinetic relationships and nonspecific competition govern nuclear import rates in vivo
Timney, B. L., Tetenbaum-Novatt, J. E., Agate, D. S., Williams, R., Zhang, W., Chait, B. T., & Rout, M. P. (2006) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200608141 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Domain-specific antibodies reveal multiple-site topology of Nup153 within the nuclear pore complex
Fahrenkrog, B., Maco, B., Fager, A. M., et al. (2002) · Journal of Structural Biology · doi:10.1016/s1047-8477(02)00524-5 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Importin β contains a COOH-terminal nucleoporin binding region important for nuclear transport
Bednenko, J., Cingolani, G., & Gerace, L. (2003) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200303085 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Structural Basis for the High-affinity Binding of Nucleoporin Nup1p to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Importin-β Homologue, Kap95p
Liu, S. M., & Stewart, M. (2005) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2005.04.003 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citation
The GLFG Regions of Nup116p and Nup100p Serve as Binding Sites for Both Kap95p and Mex67p at the Nuclear Pore Complex
Strawn, L. A., Shen, T., & Wente, S. R. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m008311200 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Accelerating the Rate of Disassembly of Karyopherin·Cargo Complexes
Gilchrist, D. A., Mykytka, B., & Rexach, M. F. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m112306200 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
A Gradient of Affinity for the Karyopherin Kap95p along the Yeast Nuclear Pore Complex
Pyhtila, B. M., & Rexach, M. F. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m307135200 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
The Crystal Structure of rna1p
Hillig, R. C., Renault, L., Vetter, I. R., Drell, T. L., Wittinghofer, A., & Becker, J. D. (1999) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(01)80010-1 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
A systems analysis of importin-α–β mediated nuclear protein import
Riddick, G., & Macara, I. G. (2005) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200409024 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Molecular mechanism of translocation through nuclear pore complexes during nuclear protein import
Stewart, M., Baker, R. P., Bayliss, R. W., Clayton, L., Grant, R. P., Littlewood, T. D., & Matsuura, Y. (2001) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02489-9 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citation
Nuclear Localization Signal Receptor Affinity Correlates with in Vivo Localization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Hodel, A. E., Harreman, M. T., Pulliam, K. F., et al. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m601718200 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Structural plasticity of the nuclear pore complex
Akey, C. W. (1995) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0022-2836(95)80050-6 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Structural basis for Nup2p function in cargo release and karyopherin recycling in nuclear import
Matsuura, Y., Lange, A., Harreman, M. T., et al. (2003) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/cdg538 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nucleoporin Nup2p Is a Natively Unfolded Protein
Denning, D. P., Uversky, V. N., Patel, S. S., et al. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m203499200 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
The nuclear pore complex up close
Lim, R. Y. H., & Fahrenkrog, B. (2006) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2006.03.006 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
The Structure of the Nuclear Export Receptor Cse1 in Its Cytosolic State Reveals a Closed Conformation Incompatible with Cargo Binding
Cook, A. G., Fernandez, E., Lindner, D., et al. (2005) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2005.03.021 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Structural Basis for the Interaction Between the Tap/NXF1 UBA Domain and FG Nucleoporins at 1Å Resolution
Grant, R. P., Neuhaus, D., & Stewart, M. (2003) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0022-2836(02)01474-2 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citation
Conformational Variability of Nucleo-cytoplasmic Transport Factors
Fukuhara, N., Fernández, E. F., Ebert, J., Conti, E., & Svergun, D. I. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m309112200 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Nucleoporin Domain Topology is Linked to the Transport Status of the Nuclear Pore Complex
Paulillo, S. M., Phillips, E. M., Köser, J., et al. (2005) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2005.06.034 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The FG-repeat asymmetry of the nuclear pore complex is dispensable for bulk nucleocytoplasmic transport in vivo
Zeitler, B., & Weis, K. (2004) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200407156 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Nuclear transport is becoming crystal clear
Madrid, A. S., & Weis, K. (2006) · Chromosoma · doi:10.1007/s00412-005-0043-3 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Mapping of nucleoporins to the center of the nuclear pore complex by post-embedding immunogold electron microscopy
Grote, M., Kubitscheck, U., Reichelt, R., et al. (1995) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.108.9.2963 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Regulation of functional nuclear pore size in fibroblasts
Feldherr, C. M., Akin, D., & Cohen, R. J. (2001) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.114.24.4621 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
From the trap to the basket: getting to the bottom of the nuclear pore complex
Lim, R. Y. H., Aebi, U., & Stoffler, D. (2006) · Chromosoma · doi:10.1007/s00412-005-0037-1 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Quantitative models of nuclear transport
Becskei, A., & Mattaj, I. W. (2004) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2004.12.010 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Nuclear Trafficking
Stewart, M. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1092863 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Cytotoxic Ribonuclease Variant with a Discontinuous Nuclear Localization Signal Constituted by Basic Residues Scattered Over Three Areas of the Molecule
Rodrı́guez, M., Benito, A., Tubert, P., et al. (2006) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.05.048 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Conformations of Polymers Attached to an Interface
de Gennes, P. G. (2003) · WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks · doi:10.1142/9789812564849_0027 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Biological hydrogels as selective diffusion barriers
Lieleg, O., & Ribbeck, K. (2011) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2011.06.002 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
The RanGTP gradient—a GPS for the mitotic spindle
Kalab, P., & Heald, R. (2008) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.005959 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Nuclear Import of the Glucocorticoid Receptor-hsp90 Complex through the Nuclear Pore Complex Is Mediated by Its Interaction with Nup62 and Importin β
Echeverría, P. C., Mazaira, G., Erlejman, A., Gomez-Sanchez, C., Pilipuk, G. P., & Galigniana, M. D. (2009) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.00649-09 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Role of molecular chaperones and TPR-domain proteins in the cytoplasmic transport of steroid receptors and their passage through the nuclear pore
Galigniana, M. D., Echeverría, P. C., Erlejman, A. G., & Piwien-Pilipuk, G. (2010) · Nucleus · doi:10.4161/nucl.1.4.11743 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Regulation of steroid hormone receptor function by the 52-kDa FK506-binding protein (FKBP52)
Sivils, J. C., Storer, C. L., Galigniana, M. D., & Cox, M. B. (2011) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2011.03.010 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Kinesin motors and primary cilia
Verhey, K. J., Dishinger, J., & Kee, H. L. (2011) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst0391120 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Importin-β and the small guanosine triphosphatase Ran mediate chromosome loading of the human chromokinesin Kid
Tahara, K., Takagi, M., Ohsugi, M., Sone, T., Nishiumi, F., Maeshima, K., Horiuchi, Y., Tokai-Nishizumi, N., Imamoto, F., Yamamoto, T., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200708003 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
XPA-Mediated Regulation of Global Nucleotide Excision Repair by ATR Is p53-Dependent and Occurs Primarily in S-Phase
Li, Z., Musich, P. R., Serrano, M. A., Dong, Z., & Zou, Y. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028326 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The Inner Nuclear Membrane Protein Nemp1 Is a New Type of RanGTP-Binding Protein in Eukaryotes
Shibano, T., Mamada, H., Hakuno, F., Takahashi, S.-I., & Taira, M. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127271 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
UV-Induced Nuclear Import of XPA Is Mediated by Importin-α4 in An ATR-Dependent Manner
Li, Z., Musich, P. R., Cartwright, B. M., Wang, H., & Zou, Y. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068297 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“transported as a ternary complex with importin-b into the nucleus [39,40] (Figure 2A).”
Background
Xeroderma Pigmentosa Group A (XPA), Nucleotide Excision Repair and Regulation by ATR in Response to Ultraviolet Irradiation
Musich, P. R., Li, Z., & Zou, Y. (2017) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56017-5_4 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Nap1 and Chz1 have Separate Htz1 Nuclear Import and Assembly Functions
Straube, K., Blackwell, J. S., & Pemberton, L. F. (2010) · Traffic · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2009.01010.x · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Nemo-like kinase disrupts nuclear import and drives TDP43 mislocalization in ALS
Bekier, M. E., Pinarbasi, E., Krishnan, G., Mesojedec, J. J., Hurley, M., Harikumar Sheela, H., Collins, C. A., Ghaffari, L., de Majo, M., Ullian, E. M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci188138 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Nuclear localization of receptor-bound cargo is mediated by RanGAP1 and RanBP2, nuclear pore–associated factors that regulate the Ran gradient (33).”

A Ran-Dependent Importin-Beta/Nup153 Barrier in the Nuclear Pore Complex
Tang, J. H., Lowe, A. R., Yassif, J. M., et al. (2014) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2013.11.1809
Importin-Beta and Ran Regulate the Passive Permeability Barrier in the Nuclear Pore Complex
Tang, J. H., Lowe, A. R., Yassif, J. M., et al. (2013) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2012.11.694 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mechanistic Insights from Structural Analyses of Ran-GTPase-Driven Nuclear Export of Proteins and RNAs
Matsuura, Y. (2015) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2015.09.025 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Karyopherins regulate nuclear pore complex barrier and transport function
Kapinos, L. E., Huang, B., Rencurel, C., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.201702092 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
GTP hydrolysis by Ran occurs at the nuclear pore complex in an early step of protein import.
Melchior, F., Guan, T., Yokoyama, N., Nishimoto, T., & Gerace, L. (1995) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.131.3.571 · Cited by 140 · see citing works

Authors: Stewart, M.
Affiliations: MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (GB)
Corresponding author: Stewart, Murray
ORCID: Stewart, Murray
Venue: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2007-02-07
Volume: 8
Issue: 3
Pages: 195-208
ISSN: 1471-0072 (ISSN-L)
1471-0080
DOI: 10.1038/nrm2114
OpenAlex: W2048492672
Cited by: 919
References: 101
Citations by year: 2026: 28 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 36
FWCI: 5.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nuclear Structure and Function
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Microtubule and mitosis dynamics
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Structure and Dynamics
Keywords: nuclear protein import, Ran GTPase, nuclear pore complex, nuclear import receptor, molecular recognition, nuclear transport
MeSH terms: Animals, Cell Nucleus, Models, Molecular, Nuclear Proteins, ran GTP-Binding Protein, Protein Transport, Active Transport, Cell Nucleus, Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Molecular mechanism of the nuclear protein import cycle

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks