Biological hydrogels as selective diffusion barriers
Open accessAbstract
The controlled exchange of molecules between organelles, cells, or organisms and their environment is crucial for life. Biological gels such as mucus, the extracellular matrix (ECM), and the biopolymer barrier within the nuclear pore are well suited to achieve such a selective exchange, allowing passage of particular molecules while rejecting many others. Although hydrogel-based filters are integral parts of biology, clear concepts of how their barrier function is controlled at a microscopic level are still missing. We summarize here our current understanding of how selective filtering is established by different biopolymer-based hydrogels. We ask if the modulation of microscopic particle transport in biological hydrogels is based on a generic filtering principle which employs biochemical/biophysical interactions with the filtered molecules rather than size-exclusion effects.
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“For particles that are larger than the mesh size, mucus presents a geometrically constraining filter and hinders their passage regardless of surface chemistry (Figure 1b) [12].”
Spatial Configuration and Composition of Charge Modulates Transport into a Mucin Hydrogel Barrier
Li, L. D., Crouzier, T., Sarkar, A., Dunphy, L. J., Han, J., & Ribbeck, K. (2013) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2013.07.050 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
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“These environments tend to be deficient in a growth limiting electron acceptor or nutrient and therefore facilitate a greater proportion of VBNC bacteria than expected in free floating systems (Bryers, 2000; Amel et al., 2008; Lieleg and Ribbeck, 2011).”
BackgroundThe in vivo fate of polymeric micelles
Cai, Y., Qi, J., Lu, Y., He, H., & Wu, W. (2022) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2022.114463 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
The particle in the spider's web: transport through biological hydrogels
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Size-Limited Penetration of Nanoparticles into Porcine Respiratory Mucus after Aerosol Deposition
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“More rapid diffusion occurs when the mesh size is larger than the encapsulated drug (rmesh/rdrug > 1) unless specific bonding forms between the molecule and the polymer chain [97].”
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“Molecular Aggregates as Sieves and their Effective Pore Sizes Molecular aggregates, such as the ones produced in this work, are known to form a selective three-dimensional gel-like sieve that interferes only slightly with the motion of small molecules but appreciably slows down the motion of large molecules and blocks…”
Permeability mapping of gelatin methacryloyl hydrogels
Miri, A. K., Hosseinabadi, H. G., Çeçen, B., Hassan, S., & Zhang, Y. S. (2018) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2018.07.006 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Particle Targeting in Complex Biological Media
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“Furthermore, the extracellular polymeric matrix delays the diffusion of some antibiotics into the community (27, 32), and thus, bacteria might be exposed to a drug concentration below the MIC, leading to increased mutation and resistance of the bacteria (33).”
BackgroundPore-size dependence and slow relaxation of hydrogel friction on smooth surfaces
Cuccia, N., Pothineni, S., Wu, B., Harper, J. M., & Burton, J. C. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1922364117 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Diffusion Regulation in the Vitreous Humor
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“A similar charge-dependent suppression of particle diffusion has also been observed in other biological hydrogel systems (23–27), which suggests that this might be a more generic filtering mechanism in biology (28).”
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How do polymeric micelles cross epithelial barriers?
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Novel drug delivery systems for inflammatory bowel disease
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Effect of Ion–Ion Correlations on Polyelectrolyte Gel Collapse and Reentrant Swelling
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“These characteristics evoke a semblance to biological materials like mucus or the extracellular matrix enveloping cells, tissues, organs, or entire organisms [23,24].”
BackgroundSelf-emulsifying drug delivery system: Mucus permeation and innovative quantification technologies
Abdulkarim, M., Sharma, P. K., & Gumbleton, M. (2019) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2019.04.001 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Physically, intestinal mucus can be described as a semipermeable membrane from which only particles as small as nutrients and drug molecules can permeate [36].”
BackgroundMucus-Inspired Dynamic Hydrogels: Synthesis and Future Perspectives
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Magnetically assisted intraperitoneal drug delivery for cancer chemotherapy
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“The cutoff size of the ECM and particles as well as the particle–ECM chemical interactions are the main determinants of the extracellular particle diffusion (Lieleg & Ribbeck, 2011; Witten & Ribbeck, 2017).”
BackgroundMembrane Proteins Significantly Restrict Exosome Mobility
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Covalently-crosslinked mucin biopolymer hydrogels for sustained drug delivery
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Chain-Length- and Saturation-Tuned Mechanics of Fluid Nanovesicles Direct Tumor Delivery
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Superhydrophobic Diffusion Barriers for Hydrogels via Confined Interfacial Modification
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Polyelectrolyte complexes as prospective carriers for the oral delivery of protein therapeutics
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“It has been experimentally verified that size exclusion could be an appropriate framework for the description of mucus permeation, as an increase in particle diameter correlates with a decrease in particle mobility [42,43].”
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Mucus-Penetrating Particles and the Role of Ocular Mucus as a Barrier to Micro- and Nanosuspensions
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“These side chains contain 2–22 sugar units and can be can linear or moderately branched, conferring mucins with a brush-like structure.(22,30) Due to the high prevalence of sialic acid (pKa 2.”
BackgroundCervical Mucus Properties Stratify Risk for Preterm Birth
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“However, the barrier function of the mucus hydrogel depends not only on molecular mediators but also on the physical and mucoadhesive properties of the mucin fibers [31].”
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The Vitreous Humor As a Barrier to Nanoparticle Distribution
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“The nature of the vitreous humor plays a key role in charge-related particle distribution effects due to the anionic medium created by its structure.(45) Due to the overall anionic charge of the vitreous, it is anticipated that anionic particles will distribute through the vitreous without any major restriction, where…”
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“Figure was adapted from References [105,106].”
Recent Development of Drug Delivery Systems through Microfluidics: From Synthesis to Evaluation
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“As shown in Figure 4B [108], the mucin network can form a size exclusion filter for larger compounds [87].”
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“In addition to this steric barrier, mucus also comprises an important interactive component as the formation of multiple non-covalent bonds may immobilize a drug or particle in the mucus network [2,5,6].”
BackgroundAir-Liquid interface cultures to model drug delivery through the mucociliary epithelial barrier
Lee, R. E., Reidel, B., Nelson, M. R., Macdonald, J. K., Kesimer, M., & Randell, S. H. (2023) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2023.114866 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
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Interactions of Microbicide Nanoparticles with a Simulated Vaginal Fluid
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From Nature‐Sourced Polysaccharide Particles to Advanced Functional Materials
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Particle Transport through Hydrogels Is Charge Asymmetric
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“These interactions seem to be of an electrostatic nature, since the mobility is highly dependent on the particle surface charge (4,9,10,14,15,29,30) and the salt concentration (8–10,31,32).”
BackgroundMechanistic action of weak acid drugs on biofilms
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Dynamic Manipulation of Hydrogels to Control Cell Behavior: A Review
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“, crosslinking density).(33) Also, just like the native ECM, hydogels possess both viscous and elastic behaviors.”
BackgroundEnhanced Heterogeneous Diffusion of Nanoparticles in Semiflexible Networks
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Impermeable Robust Hydrogels via Hybrid Lamination
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Enhanced diffusion by binding to the crosslinks of a polymer gel
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Bilayer Hydrogels for Wound Dressing and Tissue Engineering
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pH-Mediated Mucus Penetration of Zwitterionic Polydopamine-Modified Silica Nanoparticles
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“[32] Oliver Lieleg and Katharina Ribbeck, “Biological hydrogels as selective diffusion barriers,” Trends in cell biology 21, 543–551 (2011).”
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“The mucus layer acts as a transport barrier and can greatly hinder the diffusion of drugs, particles, and other molecules via size filtering, mucociliary clearance, and intermolecular interactions, including electrostatic, hydrophobic, and/or other specific binding interactions [2].”
BackgroundHyaluronan content governs tissue stiffness in pancreatic islet inflammation
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Colloidal multiscale porous adhesive (bio)inks facilitate scaffold integration
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“19 In addition, poor cell infiltration and spreading within these hydrogels further limit early vascularization and innervation, thus impairing the viability and functionality of encapsulated cells.”
Polymer Structure Dependent Hierarchy in PolyMOC Gels
Zhukhovitskiy, A. V., Zhao, J. X., Zhong, M., Keeler, E. G., Alt, E. A., Teichen, P. E., Griffin, R. G., Hore, M. J. A., Willard, A. P., & Johnson, J. A. (2016) · Macromolecules · doi:10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01607 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
How the Shape and Chemistry of Molecular Penetrants Control Responsive Hydrogel Permeability
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“46,47 A simple and popular model that treats the steric hindrance e ff ect is the Mackie − Meares model, 48 which we will use in our approach: i k jjjjj y { zzzzz Here, the di ff usion coe ffi cient in bulk water, D w , is attenuated by a steric factor, in which the e ff ective polymer volume fraction…”
Modulation of Gastrointestinal Mucus Properties with Ionic Liquids for Drug Delivery
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Preventing Obstructions of Nanosized Drug Delivery Systems by the Extracellular Matrix
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Physiological properties, composition and structural profiling of porcine gastrointestinal mucus
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“Additionally, the barrier function of the mucus — that keeps the bacteria and other pathogens at a safe distance from the GIT epithelium [7] — may pose steric limitations to the diffusing drugs [8].”
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“, the extra-cellular matrix or mucus [10,11].”
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Modularized Field-Effect Transistor Biosensors
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Dependence of structure of polymer side chain on water structure in hydrogels
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Creating 3D Angiogenic Growth Factor Gradients in Fibrous Constructs to Guide Fast Angiogenesis
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Nuclear transport of baculovirus: Revealing the nuclear pore complex passage
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“Nevertheless, this model suggests an inverse relationship between cargo size and the rate of nuclear import (Lieleg and Ribbeck, 2011); thus, in order to test this model it will be valuable to measure the rate of nuclear import of the baculovirus capsid using live-cell imaging.”
BackgroundNanoparticle passage through porcine jejunal mucus: Microfluidics and rheology
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Targeting strategies of oral nano-delivery systems for treating inflammatory bowel disease
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- Authors
- Lieleg, O., & Ribbeck, K.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ribbeck, Katharina
- Venue
- Trends in Cell Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-09
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 543-551
- ISSN
- 0962-8924 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3164742
- OpenAlex
- W2039548511
- Cited by
- 387
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 0.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Trends in Cell Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PMC
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P50GM068763)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Chemical and Physical Studies
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Supramolecular Self-Assembly in Materials
- Keywords
- mucus, extracellular matrix, nuclear pores, biopolymer gels, particle transport, size exclusion
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bacteria, Cell Adhesion, Cell Membrane Permeability, Diffusion, Extracellular Matrix, Lipid Bilayers, Mammals, Mucus, Bacterial Physiological Phenomena, Biofilms, Hydrogels, Protein Transport, Nuclear Pore, Cell Proliferation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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