CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 104Nutrition, Health and Food BehaviorNutritional Studies and DietObesity, Physical Activity, Diet

Water and Food Consumption Patterns of U.S. Adults from 1999 to 2001

Open access
Popkin, Barry M., Barclay, Denis V., Nielsen, Samara J.·2005·Obesity Research
DOI 10.1038/oby.2005.266
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Objective: High water consumption has been proposed as an aid to weight control and as a means of reducing the energy density of the diet. This study examines the relationship between water consumption and other drinking and eating patterns. Research Methods and Procedures: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999 to 2001, with responses from 4755 individuals ≥18 years of age, provides the data for this cross‐sectional analysis. A cluster analysis was performed using z‐scores of specific food and beverage consumption to examine patterns. A multinomial logit analysis was used to examine sociodemographic characteristics of each dietary pattern and to examine the effects of water consumption on the likelihood of consuming a non–dairy caloric beverage. All results were weighted to be nationally representative and controlled for design effects. Results: Within the sample, 87% consumed water, with an average daily consumption of 51.9 oz (1.53 liters) per consumer. Water consumers drank fewer soft/fruit drinks and consumed 194 fewer calories per day. Water consumers (potentially a self‐selected sample) consumed more fruits, vegetables, and low‐ and medium‐fat dairy products. Four distinct unhealthy dietary patterns were found that included little or no water consumption. Older and more educated persons used healthier food patterns. Mexican dietary patterns were much healthier than dietary patterns of blacks. Discussion: Water consumption potentially is a dietary component to be promoted, but much more must be understood about its role in a healthy diet. Because high water consumption is linked with healthier eating patterns—patterns more likely to be followed by higher‐educated, older adults—the target of water promotion and healthy diet options should focus on younger and less educated adults.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/oby.2005.266

Cites

8 of 8 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Popkin, B. M., Barclay, D. V., & Nielsen, S. J.
Affiliations
  • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
  • Nestlé (Switzerland) (CH)
Corresponding author
Popkin, Barry M.
ORCID
Popkin, Barry M.
Venue
Obesity Research
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2005-12
Volume
13
Issue
12
Pages
2146-2152
ISSN
  • 1071-7323 (ISSN-L)
  • 1550-8528
DOI
10.1038/oby.2005.266
OpenAlex
W2003695584
Cited by
104
References
8
Citations by year
2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 11
FWCI
4.57
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 2553 d)
Locations
  • Obesity Research (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (NIH-R01)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD039183, R01-HD39183)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Keywords
water consumption, dietary habits, soft drinks, caloric beverages, fruit and vegetable intake, dairy consumption, energy intake, sociodemographic differences, Mexican Americans, racial and ethnic differences, weight management, healthy eating promotion
MeSH terms
Adult, Age Factors, Beverages, Energy Intake, Cross-Sectional Studies, Drinking, Educational Status, Feeding Behavior, Female, Food Preferences, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Obesity, Surveys and Questionnaires, Cluster Analysis, Logistic Models

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review