Resolved: there is sufficient scientific evidence that decreasing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption will reduce the prevalence of obesity and obesity-related diseases
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Summary: Sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSB s) are the single largest source of added sugar and the top source of energy intake in the U.S. diet. In this review, we evaluate whether there is sufficient scientific evidence that decreasing SSB consumption will reduce the prevalence of obesity and its related diseases. Because prospective cohort studies address dietary determinants of long‐term weight gain and chronic diseases, whereas randomized clinical trials (RCT s) typically evaluate short‐term effects of specific interventions on weight change, both types of evidence are critical in evaluating causality. Findings from well‐powered prospective cohorts have consistently shown a significant association, established temporality and demonstrated a direct dose–response relationship between SSB consumption and long‐term weight gain and risk of type 2 diabetes (T 2 D). A recently published meta‐analysis of RCT s commissioned by the W orld H ealth O rganization found that decreased intake of added sugars significantly reduced body weight (0.80 kg, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.39–1.21; P < 0.001), whereas increased sugar intake led to a comparable weight increase (0.75 kg, 0.30–1.19; P = 0.001). A parallel meta‐analysis of cohort studies also found that higher intake of SSB s among children was associated with 55% (95% CI 32–82%) higher risk of being overweight or obese compared with those with lower intake. Another meta‐analysis of eight prospective cohort studies found that one to two servings per day of SSB intake was associated with a 26% (95% CI 12–41%) greater risk of developing T 2 D compared with occasional intake (less than one serving per month). Recently, two large RCT s with a high degree of compliance provided convincing data that reducing consumption of SSB s significantly decreases weight gain and adiposity in children and adolescents. Taken together, the evidence that decreasing SSB s will decrease the risk of obesity and related diseases such as T 2 D is compelling. Several additional issues warrant further discussion. First, prevention of long‐term weight gain through dietary changes such as limiting consumption of SSB s is more important than short‐term weight loss in reducing the prevalence of obesity in the population. This is due to the fact that once an individual becomes obese, it is difficult to lose weight and keep it off. Second, we should consider the totality of evidence rather than selective pieces of evidence (e.g. from short‐term RCT s only). Finally, while recognizing that the evidence of harm on health against SSB s is strong, we should avoid the trap of waiting for absolute proof before allowing public health action to be taken.
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Evidence links SSB consumption among adults to weight gain, cardiovascular risk factors such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
“Evidence has emerged linking SSB consumption to a number of health consequences among adults including weight gain [4, 5], cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., dyslipidemia) [6], insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes [7, 8] and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [9].”
From The negative impact of sugar-sweetened beverages on children’s health: an update of the literature (2018) · cites this paper as [5]
Evidence has shown a positive relationship between SSB consumption and type 2 diabetes among adults.
“While evidence has shown a positive relationship between SSB consumption and type 2 diabetes among adults [5, 12, 109], the available literature among child and adolescents is limited.”
From The negative impact of sugar-sweetened beverages on children’s health: an update of the literature (2018) · cites this paper as [5]
Based on long-term observational studies and intermediate-duration clinical trials, artificial and non-nutritive sweeteners appear to be better alternatives than sugar for people who consume large quantities of SSBs.
“Based on long-term observational studies and intermediate-duration (e.g., 2 year) clinical trials,28, 256 these appear to be better alternatives than sugar for people who consume large quantities of SSBs.”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [256]
Both long-term prospective cohorts and clinical trials demonstrate that SSBs increase adiposity.
“Both long-term prospective cohorts and clinical trials demonstrate that SSBs increase adiposity.256”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [256]
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“Both long-term prospective cohorts and clinical trials demonstrate that SSBs increase adiposity.(256) Per serving, SSBs associate with greater long-term weight gain than nearly any other dietary factor.”
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- Authors
- Hu, F. B.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hu, F. B.
- ORCID
- Hu, F. B.
- Venue
- Obesity Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-06-13
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 606-619
- ISSN
- 1467-7881 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-789X
- PMC
- PMC5325726
- OpenAlex
- W2161969524
- Cited by
- 884
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 89 · 2020: 88 · 2019: 95 · 2018: 88 · 2017: 88 · 2016: 75 · 2015: 88 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 11.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Obesity Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- American Heart Association
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL60712, R01HL060712)
- National Cancer Institute (U54CA155626)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK058845, P30DK046200, P30 DK-46200, DK58845)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- sugar-sweetened beverages, obesity, type 2 diabetes, added sugars, weight gain, children and adolescents, obesity prevention, dose-response relationship, causal inference, dietary intervention, body weight, adiposity
- MeSH terms
- Beverages, Energy Intake, Chronic Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Humans, Obesity, Weight Gain, Prevalence, Evidence-Based Medicine, Dietary Sucrose
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