Follistatin and follistatin like-3 differentially regulate adiposity and glucose homeostasis
Open accessAbstract
Transforming growth factor-β superfamily ligands, including activin and myostatin, modulate body composition, islet function, and glucose homeostasis. Their bioactivity is controlled by the antagonists follistatin (FST) and FST like-3 (FSTL3). The hypothesis tested was that FST and FSTL3 have distinct roles in regulating body composition, glucose homeostasis, and islet function through regulation of activin and myostatin bioactivity. Three genetic mutant mouse lines were created. FSTL3 knockout (FSTL3 KO), a mouse line producing only the FST288 isoform (FST288-only) and a double mutant (2xM) in which the lines were crossed. FST288-only males were lighter that wild-type (WT) littermates while FSTL3 KO and 2xM males had reduced perigonadal fat pad weights. However, only 2xM mice had increased whole body fat mass and decreased lean mass by quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR). Fasting glucose levels in FSTL3 WT and KO mice were lower than FST mice in younger animals but were higher in older mice. Serum insulin and pancreatic insulin content in 2xM mice was significantly elevated over other genotypes. Nevertheless, 2xM mice were relatively insulin resistant and glucose intolerant compared to FST288-only and WT mice. Fractional islet area and proportion of β-cells/islet were increased in FSTL3 KO and 2xM, but not FST288-only mice. Despite their larger size, islets from FSTL3 KO and 2xM mice were not functionally enhanced compared to WT mice. These results demonstrate that body composition and glucose homeostasis are differentially regulated by FST and FSTL3 and that their combined loss is associated with increased fat mass and insulin resistance despite elevated insulin production.
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FST acts as an inhibitor of TGF-β superfamily members including myostatin and activins, and can promote skeletal muscle growth.
“FST acts as an inhibitor of members of the TGF-β superfamily, including myostatin and activins [185,186], and can function as a promoter of skeletal muscle growth [187].”
From Hepatokines and metabolism: Deciphering communication from the liver (2021) · cites this paper as [186]
Most FST effects on reproductive health and cancer development are related to interactions with activins and follicle-stimulating hormone, while effects on muscle growth result from interactions with myostatin.
“Most of FST's effects on reproductive health and cancer development are related to its interactions with activins and follicle-stimulating hormone, while its effects on muscle growth result from interactions with myostatin [186].”
From Hepatokines and metabolism: Deciphering communication from the liver (2021) · cites this paper as [186]
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- Authors
- Brown, M. L., Bonomi, L., Ungerleider, N., Zina, J., Kimura, F., Mukherjee, A., Sidis, Y., & Schneyer, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schneyer, Alan
- Venue
- Obesity
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-10
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1940-1949
- ISSN
- 1930-7381 (ISSN-L)
- 1930-739X
- PMC
- PMC3179827
- OpenAlex
- W1999180357
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Obesity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RVC Research Online (Royal Veterinary College) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01dk075058-03)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (23592400)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01-DK075058, 5 R01 DK075058)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Keywords
- follistatin, FSTL3, activin, myostatin, body composition, adiposity, glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance, pancreatic islets, beta-cell mass, knockout mice, fat mass
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Animals, Blood Glucose, Body Composition, Body Fluid Compartments, Body Weight, Fasting, Genotype, Homeostasis, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Islets of Langerhans, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mutation, Obesity, Pancreas, Glucose Intolerance, Mice, Knockout, Protein Isoforms, Follistatin, Follistatin-Related Proteins, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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