Myostatin inhibition in muscle, but not adipose tissue, decreases fat mass and improves insulin sensitivity
Open accessAbstract
Myostatin (Mstn) is a secreted growth factor expressed in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue that negatively regulates skeletal muscle mass. Mstn(-/-) mice have a dramatic increase in muscle mass, reduction in fat mass, and resistance to diet-induced and genetic obesity. To determine how Mstn deletion causes reduced adiposity and resistance to obesity, we analyzed substrate utilization and insulin sensitivity in Mstn(-/-) mice fed a standard chow. Despite reduced lipid oxidation in skeletal muscle, Mstn(-/-) mice had no change in the rate of whole body lipid oxidation. In contrast, Mstn(-/-) mice had increased glucose utilization and insulin sensitivity as measured by indirect calorimetry, glucose and insulin tolerance tests, and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. To determine whether these metabolic effects were due primarily to the loss of myostatin signaling in muscle or adipose tissue, we compared two transgenic mouse lines carrying a dominant negative activin IIB receptor expressed specifically in adipocytes or skeletal muscle. We found that inhibition of myostatin signaling in adipose tissue had no effect on body composition, weight gain, or glucose and insulin tolerance in mice fed a standard diet or a high-fat diet. In contrast, inhibition of myostatin signaling in skeletal muscle, like Mstn deletion, resulted in increased lean mass, decreased fat mass, improved glucose metabolism on standard and high-fat diets, and resistance to diet-induced obesity. Our results demonstrate that Mstn(-/-) mice have an increase in insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake, and that the reduction in adipose tissue mass in Mstn(-/-) mice is an indirect result of metabolic changes in skeletal muscle. These data suggest that increasing muscle mass by administration of myostatin antagonists may be a promising therapeutic target for treating patients with obesity or diabetes.
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Myostatin in adipose tissue is important for maintenance of adipose mass and greater insulin sensitivity.
“Its importance in this tissue is related to the maintenance of adipose mass and greater sensitivity to insulin (Hamrick et al., 2006; Guo et al., 2009).”
From Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines and Muscle-Adipose Tissue Crosstalk: A Review of Current Knowledge and the Implications for Health and Metabolic Diseases (2018) · cites this paper as Guo et al., 2009
The Abstract reports that inhibiting myostatin signaling in adipose tissue had no effect on body composition or glucose and insulin tolerance. The Discussion attributes reduced adiposity and increased insulin sensitivity to changes in skeletal muscle, not a direct effect in adipose tissue. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredKnockout of the myostatin receptor in adipose tissue had no effect on body composition, weight gain, or glucose and insulin tolerance in mice fed a standard or high-fat diet.
“Evidence that myostatin needs to act on skeletal muscle to cause fat loss comes from a study where the knock out myostatin receptor in adipose tissue had no effect on body composition, weight gain, or glucose and insulin tolerance in mice fed a standard or high-fat diet [181].”
From Effects of Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy on Fat Mass and Glucose Homeostasis in Humans and Animals: A Narrative Review with Systematic Literature Search (2025) · cites this paper as [181]
The Abstract and Results (Tissue-specific inhibition of myostatin signaling) report no effect on body composition, weight gain, or glucose and insulin tolerance in mice on standard or high-fat diets. However, the study used adipocyte-specific expression of a dominant-negative activin IIB receptor to inhibit signaling; it did not knock out the receptor. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredExpressing constitutively active Akt1 only within muscle or knocking down the myostatin receptor only in muscle demonstrates that muscle hypertrophy is sufficient to cause fat loss and improve glucose homeostasis as secondary effects.
“For example, the stimulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy by expressing constitutively active Akt1 [22] only within muscle, or by knocking down the myostatin (i.e., activin IIB) receptor only in muscle [181], demonstrates that muscle hypertrophy is sufficient to cause fat loss and improve glucose homeostasis as secondary effects.”
From Effects of Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy on Fat Mass and Glucose Homeostasis in Humans and Animals: A Narrative Review with Systematic Literature Search (2025) · cites this paper as [181]
The Results (Tissue-specific inhibition of myostatin signaling; page unavailable) report that muscle-DN mice had increased lean mass, reduced fat mass, and improved glucose and insulin tolerance. But the Discussion calls increased muscle mass an *hypothesized* indirect cause and says the metabolic effects might also arise from loss of myostatin signaling independently of muscle mass. The study therefore does not demonstrate that hypertrophy alone is sufficient or that the benefits are necessarily secondary effects. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMyostatin exerts significant regulatory influence on adipose tissue function, energy metabolism, and systemic energy homeostasis.
“It also exerts a significant regulatory influence on adipose tissue function, energy metabolism, and systemic energy homeostasis [62].”
From Exercise-Induced Muscle–Fat Crosstalk: Molecular Mediators and Their Pharmacological Modulation for the Maintenance of Metabolic Flexibility in Aging (2025) · cites this paper as [62]
The Results and Discussion report that altering myostatin signaling in mice changes fat mass, glucose utilization, and insulin sensitivity, supporting an influence on metabolism and whole-body outcomes. But adipocyte-specific inhibition did not change body composition or glucose tolerance; the Results say changes in two circulating markers only suggest a possible role in adipocyte function. The claim therefore overstates the evidence for a significant regulatory influence on adipose tissue function. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMyostatin is not exclusively secreted by skeletal muscle tissue; adipose tissue also secretes myostatin.
“However, myostatin is not exclusively secreted by SkM tissue, with studies indicating that AT also secretes this protein.”
From Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines and Muscle-Adipose Tissue Crosstalk: A Review of Current Knowledge and the Implications for Health and Metabolic Diseases (2018) · cites this paper as Guo et al., 2009
The Introduction says Mstn is expressed at low levels in adipose tissue. The Discussion refers to myostatin secreted by mature adipocytes, but does so in the context of mice engineered to overexpress it in adipose tissue. These passages support adipocytes' capacity to secrete myostatin, but do not establish secretion by unmodified adipose tissue. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Adipocyte-specific expression of a dominant negative form of Acvr2b did not induce any changes in body composition, suggesting that changes in fat mass are not directly due to loss of ActRII signaling in adipose tissue.
“Adipocyte-specific expression of a dominant negative form of Acvr2b did not induce any changes in body composition, suggesting that changes in fat mass are not directly due to loss of ActRII signaling in adipose tissue [26].”
From Antibody blockade of activin type II receptors preserves skeletal muscle mass and enhances fat loss during GLP-1 receptor agonism (2024) · cites this paper as [26]
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- Authors
- Guo, T., Jou, W., Chanturiya, T., Portas, J., Gavrilova, O., & McPherron, A. C.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- McPherron, Alexandra C.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2009-03-19
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e4937
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2654157
- OpenAlex
- W2028966038
- Cited by
- 402
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 11.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Johns Hopkins University
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Keywords
- myostatin, Mstn knockout mice, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, fat mass, insulin sensitivity, glucose metabolism, lipid oxidation, diet-induced obesity, obesity resistance, muscle mass, high-fat diet, diabetes treatment
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Animals, Diet, Dietary Fats, Glucose, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Oxidation-Reduction, Glucose Clamp Technique, Signal Transduction, Mice, Knockout, Muscle, Skeletal, Lipid Metabolism, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt, Mice, Myostatin
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