Novel Roles of Follistatin/Myostatin in Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling and Adipose Browning: Potential for Therapeutic Intervention in Obesity Related Metabolic Disorders
Open accessAbstract
Obesity is a global health problem and a major risk factor for several metabolic conditions including dyslipidemia, diabetes, insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases. Obesity develops from chronic imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Stimulation of cellular energy burning process has the potential to dissipate excess calories in the form of heat via the activation of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) in white and brown adipose tissues. Recent studies have shown that activation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway significantly contributes to the development of obesity, and blockade or inhibition is reported to protect from obesity by promoting white adipose browning and increasing mitochondrial biogenesis. Identification of novel compounds that activate beige/brown adipose characteristics to burn surplus calories and reduce excess storage of fat are actively sought in the fight against obesity. In this review, we present recent developments in our understanding of key modulators of TGF-β signaling pathways including follistatin (FST) and myostatin (MST) in regulating adipose browning and brown adipose mass and activity. While MST is a key ligand for TGF-β family, FST can bind and regulate biological activity of several TGF-β superfamily members including activins, bone morphogenic proteins (BMP) and inhibins. Here, we review the literature supporting the critical roles for FST, MST and other proteins in modulating TGF-β signaling to influence beige and brown adipose characteristics. We further review the potential therapeutic utility of FST for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Exercise-trained white adipose tissue fosters the generation of thermogenic brown-like adipocytes with specific adipokines including TGF-β, apelin, follistatin, and myostatin.
“Moreover, exercise-trained WAT fosters the generation of thermogenic brown-like adipocytes with specific adipokines, including TGF-β [79], apelin, follistatin, and myostatin (Figure 3) [80,81].”
From Exerkines and Sarcopenia: Unveiling the Mechanism Behind Exercise-Induced Mitochondrial Homeostasis (2025) · cites this paper as [80]
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Flagged first, then by citations
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- Authors
- Pervin, S., Reddy, S. T., & Singh, R.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Singh, Rajan
- Venue
- Frontiers in Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2021-04-09
- Volume
- 12
- Pages
- 653179-653179
- ISSN
- 1664-2392 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8062757
- OpenAlex
- W3152786655
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 176
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 0.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (SC1CA232319, SC1AG049682)
- Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › TGF-β signaling in diseases
- Keywords
- follistatin, myostatin, TGF-beta signaling, adipose tissue browning, brown adipose tissue, beige adipose tissue, obesity, UCP1, mitochondrial biogenesis, TGF-beta superfamily, activin, bone morphogenic proteins, inhibin, obesity-related metabolic disorders, obesity treatment
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Beige, Uncoupling Protein 1, Animals, Adipose Tissue, Brown, Energy Metabolism, Fibronectins, Humans, Ligands, Metabolic Diseases, Obesity, Signal Transduction, Thermogenesis, Follistatin, Follistatin-Related Proteins, Mice, Transforming Growth Factor beta1, Myostatin
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