Cited by 488RNA Interference and Gene DeliveryImmunotherapy and Immune ResponsesRNA and protein synthesis mechanisms

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 135 of the 136 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Self-amplifying RNA vaccines for infectious diseases

Open access

Bloom, Kristie, van den Berg, Fiona, Arbuthnot, Patrick·2021·Gene Therapy

DOI 10.1038/s41434-020-00204-yPMC PMC7580817

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Vaccinology is shifting toward synthetic RNA platforms which allow for rapid, scalable, and cell-free manufacturing of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. The simple development pipeline is based on in vitro transcription of antigen-encoding sequences or immunotherapies as synthetic RNA transcripts, which are then formulated for delivery. This approach may enable a quicker response to emerging disease outbreaks, as is evident from the swift pursuit of RNA vaccine candidates for the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Both conventional and self-amplifying RNAs have shown protective immunization in preclinical studies against multiple infectious diseases including influenza, RSV, Rabies, Ebola, and HIV-1. Self-amplifying RNAs have shown enhanced antigen expression at lower doses compared to conventional mRNA, suggesting this technology may improve immunization. This review will explore how self-amplifying RNAs are emerging as important vaccine candidates for infectious diseases, the advantages of synthetic manufacturing approaches, and their potential for preventing and treating chronic infections.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/s41434-020-00204-y

Cites

135 of 135 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

mRNA vaccines — a new era in vaccinology
Pardi, N., Hogan, M. J., Porter, F. W., & Weissman, D. (2018) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd.2017.243 · Cited by 4,667
An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 — Preliminary Report
Jackson, L. A., Anderson, E. J., Rouphael, N. G., Roberts, P. C., Makhene, M., Coler, R. N., McCullough, M. P., Chappell, J. D., Denison, M. R., Stevens, L. J., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2022483 · Cited by 3,237
Incorporation of Pseudouridine Into mRNA Yields Superior Nonimmunogenic Vector With Increased Translational Capacity and Biological Stability
Karikó, K., Muramatsu, H., Welsh, F. A., Ludwig, J., Kato, H., Akira, S., & Weissman, D. (2008) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2008.200 · Cited by 1,930
Immune-Correlates Analysis of an HIV-1 Vaccine Efficacy Trial
Haynes, B. F., Gilbert, P. B., McElrath, M. J., Zolla‐Pazner, S., Tomaras, G. D., Alam, S. M., Evans, D. T., Montefiori, D. C., Karnasuta, C., Sutthent, R., et al. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1113425 · Cited by 1,810
Key roles of adjuvants in modern vaccines
Reed, S. G., Orr, M. T., & Fox, C. B. (2013) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3409 · Cited by 1,478
Delivering the Messenger: Advances in Technologies for Therapeutic mRNA Delivery
Kowalski, P. S., Rudra, A., Miao, L., & Anderson, D. G. (2019) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.02.012 · Cited by 1,127
DNA vaccines: ready for prime time?
Kutzler, M. A., & Weiner, D. B. (2008) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2432 · Cited by 1,077
Reversible methylation of m6Am in the 5′ cap controls mRNA stability
Mauer, J., Luo, X., Blanjoie, A., Jiao, X., Grozhik, A. V., Patil, D. P., Linder, B., Pickering, B. F., Vasseur, J., Chen, Q., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature21022 · Cited by 1,072
Evaluation of the mRNA-1273 Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in Nonhuman Primates
Corbett, K. S., Flynn, B., Foulds, K. E., Francica, J. R., Boyoglu-Barnum, S., Werner, A. P., Flach, B., O’Connell, S., Bock, K. W., Minai, M., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2024671 · Cited by 1,066
2′-O methylation of the viral mRNA cap evades host restriction by IFIT family members
Daffis, S., Szretter, K. J., Schriewer, J. M., Li, J., Youn, S., Errett, J. S., Lin, T., Schneller, S. W., Züst, R., Dong, H., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09489 · Cited by 910

Show all 136 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Perri S, Greer CE, Thudium K, Doe B, Legg H, Liu H, et al. An alphavirus replicon particle chimera derived from venezuelan equine encephalitis and sindbis viruses is a potent gene-based vaccine delivery vector. J Virol. 2003;77:10394–403. · DOI · Paper page

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 488

A modular mRNA vaccine platform encoding antigen-presenting capsid virus-like particles enhances the immunogenicity of the malaria antigen Pfs25
Fougeroux, C. E., Hagen, S. H., Goksøyr, L., Aves, K.-L., Okholm, A. K., Morin, C., Lokras, A. G., Baghel, S. S., Foged, C., van de Vegte‐Bolmer, M., et al. (2025) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-025-01889-1 · Cited by 15
Nucleic acid vaccines: innovations, efficacy, and applications in at-risk populations
Konopka, E., Edgerton, A. O., & Kutzler, M. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1584876 · Cited by 14
Non-viral delivery of RNA for therapeutic T cell engineering
Berdecka, D., Smedt, S. C. D., Vos, W. H. D., & Braeckmans, K. (2024) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2024.115215 · Cited by 14
Assembling the RNA therapeutics toolbox
Teng, M., Xia, Z. J., Lo, N., Daud, K., & He, H. H. (2024) · Medical Review · doi:10.1515/mr-2023-0062 · Cited by 12
Technological breakthroughs and advancements in the application of mRNA vaccines: a comprehensive exploration and future prospects
Wei, Z., Zhang, S., Wang, X., Xue, Y., Dang, S., & Zhai, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1524317 · Cited by 16
Avian Cell Line DuckCelt®-T17 Is an Efficient Production System for Live-Attenuated Human Metapneumovirus Vaccine Candidate Metavac®
Chupin, C., Pizzorno, A., Traversier, A., Brun, P., Ogonczyk-Makowska, D., Padey, B., Milesi, C., Dulière, V., Laurent, E., Julien, T., et al. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9101190 · Cited by 14
Research progress of mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases
Zhang, Z., Du, J., Zhang, D., Han, R., Wu, X., & Liang, Y. (2025) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-025-03060-x · Cited by 19
Unlocking mRNA-driven CRISPR-Cas9 gene therapy via optimizing mRNA and the delivery vectors
Wang, S., Xu, X., Viitala, T., Shu, Y., & Zhang, H. (2025) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102737 · Cited by 14
The mRNA-Based Innovative Strategy: Progress and Challenges
Zhou, H., Wei, D., Chen, Z., Chen, H., Dong, C., Cai, W., Wang, J., Liu, X., Li, Y., Yang, Y., et al. (2026) · Nano-Micro Letters · doi:10.1007/s40820-025-01906-x · Cited by 17
Viral Replicon Systems and Their Biosafety Aspects
van der Meulen, K. M., Smets, G., & Rüdelsheim, P. (2023) · Applied Biosafety · doi:10.1089/apb.2022.0037 · Cited by 11
Non-Invasive Vaccines: Challenges in Formulation and Vaccine Adjuvants
Han, S., Lee, P., & Choi, H. (2023) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15082114 · Cited by 11
Multimeric RNAs for efficient RNA-based therapeutics and vaccines
Kim, D., Han, S. W., Ji, Y., Moon, S., Nam, H., & Lee, J. B. (2022) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.03.052 · Cited by 11
Engineer RNA‐Protein Nanowires as Light‐Responsive Biomaterials
Younas, T., Liu, C., Struwe, W. B., Kukura, P., & He, L. (2023) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202206513 · Cited by 11
Biodrug Delivery Systems: Do mRNA Lipid Nanoparticles Come of Age?
Puccetti, M., Schoubben, A., Giovagnoli, S., & Ricci, M. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24032218 · Cited by 11
Biophysical characterization of the structure of a SARS-CoV-2 self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) vaccine
Myatt, D. P., Wharram, L., Graham, C., Liddell, J., Branton, H., Pizzey, C. L., Cowieson, N. P., Rambo, R. P., & Shattock, R. J. (2023) · Biology Methods and Protocols · doi:10.1093/biomethods/bpad001 · Cited by 11
Revitalizing Cytokine‐Based Cancer Immunotherapy through Advanced Delivery Systems
Chen, P., Paraiso, W. K. D., & Cabral, H. (2023) · Macromolecular Bioscience · doi:10.1002/mabi.202300275 · Cited by 11
Coding Therapeutic Nucleic Acids from Recombinant Proteins to Next-Generation Vaccines: Current Uses, Limitations, and Future Horizons
Harisa, G. I., Faris, T. M., Sherif, A. Y., Alzhrani, R. F., Alanazi, S. A., Kohaf, N. A., & Alanazi, F. K. (2023) · Molecular Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s12033-023-00821-z · Cited by 11
RNA Vaccines against Infectious Diseases: Vital Progress with Room for Improvement
Abdelzaher, H. M., Gabr, A. S., Saleh, B. M., Gawad, R. M. A., Nour, A. A., & Abdelnaser, A. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9111211 · Cited by 12
Vaccines on demand, part II: future reality
Geall, A. J., Kis, Z., & Ulmer, J. B. (2023) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1080/17460441.2022.2147501 · Cited by 10
Understanding immunity to influenza: implications for future vaccine development
Tripp, R. A. (2023) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2023.2266033 · Cited by 10
Deciphering immune responses: a comparative analysis of influenza vaccination platforms
Jones, C. H., Hauguel, T., Beitelshees, M., Davitt, M., Welch, V., LINDERT, K. A., Allen, P. S., True, J. M., & Dolsten, M. (2024) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104125 · Cited by 12
Advancements in the conservation of the conformational epitope of membrane protein immunogens
Mahboob, A., Fatma, N., Faraz, A., Pervez, M., Khan, M. A., & Husain, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1538871 · Cited by 13
Nanovaccines: Antigen selection, stabilization, adjuvantation, formulation, and evaluation
Lu, L., Yang, M., Deng, D., Shi, X., Lovell, J. F., & Jin, H. (2025) · Coordination Chemistry Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2025.216806 · Cited by 10
Comparison of immunogenicity and protection efficacy of self-amplifying and circular mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2
Singh, O. N., Berry, U., Joshi, G., Asuru, T. R., Chandrasekar, K., Narayanan, S., Srivastava, P., Tiwari, M., Chattopadhyay, S., Mehdi, F., et al. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.113498 · Cited by 13
Construction of a Chikungunya Virus, Replicon, and Helper Plasmids for Transfection of Mammalian Cells
Colunga-Saucedo, M., Rubio-Hernández, E. I., Coronado-Ipiña, M. Á., Rosales‐Mendoza, S., Castillo, C. G., & Comas‐García, M. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15010132 · Cited by 10
Flu RNA Vaccine: A Game Changer?
Meurens, F. (2020) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines8040760 · Cited by 9
SARS CoV-2 Vaccination Autoimmunity, Antibody Dependent Covid-19 Enhancement and Other Potential Risks: Beneath the Tip of the Iceberg
Kelleni, M. T. (2021) · International Journal of Pulmonary & Respiratory Sciences · doi:10.19080/ijoprs.2021.05.555658 · Cited by 10
Persistent microbial infections and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis - an insight into non-typeable Haemophilus influenza pathogenesis
Shadid, A., Rich, H. E., DeVaughn, H., Domozhirov, A. Y., Doursout, M., Mills, T., Eckel‐Mahan, K. L., Karmouty‐Quintana, H., Restrepo, M. I., & Shivshankar, P. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1479801 · Cited by 9
Development of a multi-epitope vaccine against Helicobacter pylori using a novel saRNA technology through an immunoinformatics approach
Razzak, A., Ahmed, F., & Mahmud, M. T. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-99512-9 · Cited by 9
Incorporation of 5-methylcytidine alleviates RIG-I–mediated innate immune responses to a self-amplifying RNA vaccine
Akahata, W., Komori, M., Morey, A. L., Quiñones-Molina, A. A., Hood, J. B., Fofana, J., Romero, L., Peters, E., Webber, J. D., Meeks, T., et al. (2025) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.adz2276 · Cited by 10
Next-generation programmable cell therapies for precision medicine
Teixeira, A. P., Aubel, D., & Fussenegger, M. (2026) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-026-00945-3 · Cited by 11
At the nexus of science, engineering, and medicine: Pasteur's quadrant reconsidered
Pettigrew, R. I., & Cooke, J. P. (2022) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac092 · Cited by 10
Ionizable Polymeric Micelles with Phenylalanine Moieties Enhance Intracellular Delivery of Self-Replicating RNA for Long-Lasting Protein Expression In Vivo
Mixich, L., Boonstra, E., Masuda, K., Li, S., Nakashima, Y., Meng, F., Sakata, M., Goda, T., Uchida, S., & Cabral, H. (2024) · Biomacromolecules · doi:10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01102 · Cited by 9
Evaluation of self-amplifying mRNA platform for protein expression and genetic stability: Implication for mRNA therapies
Deo, S., Desai, K., Patare, A., Wadapurkar, R. M., Rade, S., Mahudkar, S., Sathe, M., Srivastava, S., Prasanna, P., & Singh, A. (2023) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.09.016 · Cited by 9
Determination of linearized pDNA template in mRNA production process using HPLC
Leban, M., Seravalli, T. V., Hauer, M., Böhm, E., Mencin, N., Potušek, S., Thompson, A., Trontelj, J., Štrancar, A., & Sekirnik, R. (2024) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-024-05204-0 · Cited by 8
mRNA Vaccination: An Outlook on Innate Sensing and Adaptive Immune Responses
Doost, J. S., Fazel, F., Boodhoo, N., & Sharif, S. (2024) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v16091404 · Cited by 9
Vaccination Strategies: Mixing Paths Versus Matching Tracks
Livieratos, A., Gogos, C. A., Θωμάς, Ι., & Akinosoglou, K. (2025) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines13030308 · Cited by 8
Replicon RNA vaccines: design, delivery, and immunogenicity in infectious diseases and cancer
Tang, L., Que, H., Wei, Y., Yang, T., Tong, A., & Wei, X. (2025) · Journal of Hematology & Oncology · doi:10.1186/s13045-025-01694-2 · Cited by 11
Harnessing the Potential of mRNA Vaccines Against Infectious Diseases
Rezk, N., & McClean, S. (2025) · Microbial Biotechnology · doi:10.1111/1751-7915.70212 · Cited by 10
Poly(beta-amino esters): applications in immunology
Bayraktutan, H., Kopiasz, R. J., Elsherbeny, A., Gurnani, P., & Alexander, C. (2025) · Chemical Science · doi:10.1039/d5sc05951h · Cited by 9
Towards mRNA therapeutics 2.0
Chien, K. R., Foo, K. S., & Witman, N. (2026) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-026-01459-7 · Cited by 12
Design principles and applications of synthetic self‐replicating RNAs
Wagner, A., & Mutschler, H. (2023) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews - RNA · doi:10.1002/wrna.1803 · Cited by 8
Using RNA-based therapies to target the kidney in cardiovascular disease
Palmer, T., & Hunter, R. W. (2023) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1250073 · Cited by 8
Cancer Vaccines: A Novel Revolutionized Approach to Cancer Therapy
Sarangi, R., Mishra, S., & Mahapatra, S. (2024) · Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s12291-024-01201-3 · Cited by 8
Advancing in vivo reprogramming with synthetic biology
Islam, F., Lewis, M. R., Craig, J. D., Leyendecker, P. M., & Deans, T. L. (2024) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103109 · Cited by 8
Significance of VLPs in Vlp-circRNA vaccines: a vaccine candidate or delivery vehicle?
Gupta, R., Arora, K., Arora, N. M., & Kundu, P. K. (2024) · RNA Biology · doi:10.1080/15476286.2024.2399307 · Cited by 11
Packaging of alphavirus-based self-amplifying mRNA yields replication-competent virus through a mechanism of aberrant homologous RNA recombination
Hick, T. A. H., Geertsema, C., Nijland, R., & Pijlman, G. P. (2024) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.02494-24 · Cited by 8
A bivalent self-amplifying RNA vaccine against yellow fever and Zika viruses
Battisti, P., Ykema, M., Kasal, D. N., Jennewein, M. F., Beaver, S., Weight, A. E., Hanson, D., Singh, J., Bakken, J., Cross, N., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1569454 · Cited by 8
mRNA—From COVID-19 Treatment to Cancer Immunotherapy
Kŕause, W. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11020308 · Cited by 8
Potential and development of cellular vesicle vaccines in cancer immunotherapy
Zhao, W., Li, X., Guan, J., Yan, S., Teng, L., Sun, X., Dong, Y., Wang, H., & Tao, W. (2025) · Discover Oncology · doi:10.1007/s12672-025-01781-3 · Cited by 8
Therapeutic vaccine strategies in cancer: advances, challenges, and future directions
Wang, C., & Hao, P. (2025) · Clinical Cancer Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s44272-025-00039-x · Cited by 8
Antigen-dependent interplay of formulation, systemic innate responses, and antibody responses to multi-component replicon RNA vaccination
Kimura, T., Reed, J., Warner, N. L., Fredericks, M., Lewis, T. B., Lafferty, A., Hodge, E. A., Simpson, A., Hinkley, T. C., Khandhar, A. P., et al. (2025) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102595 · Cited by 7
Evolving SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: From Current Solutions to Broad-Spectrum Protection
Qiao, R., Li, J., Gong, J., Shao, Y., Yu, J., Chen, Y., Lu, Y., Yang, L., Lin, L., Hu, Z., et al. (2025) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines13060635 · Cited by 8
Improvement in the potency of a N1-methylpseudouridine-modified self-amplifying RNA through mutations in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
Quintana, V. M., Caillava, J., Byk, L. A., Mondotte, J. A., Battini, L., Tarte, P., Samsa, M. M., Filomatori, C. V., & Alvarez, D. E. (2025) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2025.110487 · Cited by 7
Chemical Modifications in Nucleic Acid Therapeutics
Lennox, K. A., Young, R. C., & Behlke, M. A. (2025) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-4742-4_3 · Cited by 8
Biomaterial-assisted gene therapy for bone repair
Yang, L., Li, W., Yu, Y., Wang, H., & Wang, X. (2026) · Materials Today Bio · doi:10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.102886 · Cited by 8
Innovative translational platforms for rapid developing clinical vaccines against COVID‐19 and other infectious disease
Wang, N., & Wang, T. (2024) · Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1002/biot.202300658 · Cited by 11
Vaccine approaches to treat urothelial cancer
Giudice, G. C., & Sonpavde, G. (2024) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2024.2379086 · Cited by 9
Vaccine Platform Comparison: Protective Efficacy against Lethal Marburg Virus Challenge in the Hamster Model
O’Donnell, K. L., Henderson, C. W., Anhalt, H., Fusco, J., Erasmus, J. H., Lambe, T., & Marzi, A. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25158516 · Cited by 7
Self-amplifying mRNA vaccines protect elderly BALB/c mice against a lethal respiratory syncytial virus infection
Zuo, L., Liu, Q., Zhang, K., Zhao, L., Lin, S., Dai, Y., Sun, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, P., Shen, H., et al. (2024) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.12.013 · Cited by 8
A Comprehensive Review of mRNA-based Vaccines for COVID-19, A New Era in Pharmaceuticals: Unspecified and Unknown Aspects, Effects and Challenges
Vosoughi, P., Naghib, S. M., Rahmanian, M., & Mozafari, M. R. (2025) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0115680266325847241121034100 · Cited by 7
Tapping the immunological imprints to design chimeric SARS-CoV-2 vaccine for elderly population
Biswas, A., Mandal, R. S., Chakraborty, S., & Maiti, G. (2021) · International Reviews of Immunology · doi:10.1080/08830185.2021.1925267 · Cited by 7
Applications of nanoemulsions as drug delivery vehicle for phytoconstituents
Attama, A. A., Agbo, C. P., Onokala, O. B., Kenechukwu, F. C., Ugwueze, M. E., Mbah, C. C., Umeyor, C. E., Uronnachi, E., & Nnamani, P. O. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99527-6.00017-3 · Cited by 7
Recombinant T7 RNA polymerase production using ClearColi BL21(DE3) and animal-free media for in vitro transcription
Liang, Q., Tu, B., & Cui, L. (2024) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-023-12939-w · Cited by 8
Engineering gene expression dynamics via self-amplifying RNA with drug-responsive non-structural proteinsPreprint
Yousefpour, P., Gregory, J. R., Si, K., Lonzarić, J., Li, Y., Wang, J., Qureshi, K., Ledbetter, A., Lemnios, A. A., Dye, J., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.06.08.658495 · Cited by 7
Cap-independent co-expression of dsRNA-sensing and NF-κB pathway inhibitors enables controllable self-amplifying RNA expression with reduced immunotoxicity
Lim, T. K. Y., Ritoux, A., Paine, L. W., Ferguson, L., Abdul, T., Grundy, L. J., & Smith, E. S. J. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.105978.3 · Cited by 9
Treatment and Prevention of HPV-Associated Skin Tumors by HPV Vaccination
Meyer, T., & Stockfleth, E. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12121439 · Cited by 6
Antigen Delivery Platforms for Next-Generation Coronavirus Vaccines
Chentoufi, A. A., Ulmer, J. B., & BenMohamed, L. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines13010030 · Cited by 7
Enhanced durability of a Zika virus self-amplifying RNA vaccine through combinatorial OX40 and 4-1BB agonism
Lu, H.-H., Alves, R. P. D. S., Li, Q. H., Eder, L., Timis, J., Madany, H., Chuensirikulchai, K., Varghese, K., Singh, A. D., Tran, L. L., et al. (2025) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.187405 · Cited by 7
A second-generation, self-amplifying COVID-19 Vaccine: World’s first approval and distribution in the Japanese market with vaccine hesitancy
Naito, T. (2025) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2025.2530291 · Cited by 6
A replicating RNA vaccine protects against severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus infection in mice
Stamper, A., Bisom, T. C., Meade-White, K. D., Lewis, M. C., Leventhal, S. S., Clancy, C. S., Hinkley, T. C., Erasmus, J. H., Feldmann, H., & Hawman, D. W. (2025) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-025-01269-9 · Cited by 6
Payload‐Driven Design of Polymeric Carriers for Nucleic Acid Delivery: Insights from Structure–Function Relationships
Moradian, H., Dunne, C. M., Gossen, M., & Hartlieb, M. (2025) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202512653 · Cited by 6
Prospects of Novel and Repurposed Immunomodulatory Drugs against Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Associated with COVID-19 Disease
Nayak, S. S., Naidu, A., Sajitha Lulu, S., Sundararajan, V., & Selvaraj, G. (2023) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm13040664 · Cited by 6
Innovations in monoclonal antibody-based multipurpose prevention technology (MPT) for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancy
Dohadwala, S., Geib, M. T., Politch, J. A., & Anderson, D. J. (2024) · Frontiers in Reproductive Health · doi:10.3389/frph.2023.1337479 · Cited by 7
Evaluation of bird-adapted self-amplifying mRNA vaccine formulations in chickens
Comes, J. D. G., Doets, K., Zegers, T., Kessler, M., Slits, I., Ballesteros, N. A., van de Weem, N. M. P., Pouwels, H., van Oers, M. M., van Hulten, M. C. W., et al. (2024) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.032 · Cited by 6
RNA-Based Vaccines and Therapeutics Against Intracellular Pathogens
Kola, N. S., Patel, D., & Thakur, A. (2024) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-3890-3_21 · Cited by 6
Recent advances in development and delivery of non-viral nucleic acid therapeutics for brain tumor therapy
Kögel, D., Temme, A., & Aigner, A. M. (2024) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108762 · Cited by 7
Vaccine delivery: Overcoming the challenges of vaccinating livestock and wildlife
Russell, F. A., Hutmacher, D. W., Dargaville, T. R., & Beagley, K. W. (2024) · Veterinary Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vetvac.2024.100093 · Cited by 6
RNA-lipid nanoparticle therapeutics for women’s health
Nomani, A., Saraswat, A. L., Zhang, Y., Parenky, A. C., Kuo, C.-T. J., Brown, H., Hartford, S. A., Rayaprolu, B. M., Bhalla, A. S. B., & Shameem, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Nanotechnology · doi:10.3389/fnano.2025.1475969 · Cited by 7
RNA immunotherapy: revolutionizing cancer and autoimmune disease treatments
Savguira, M., Chen, D., Dong, S., & Li, B. (2025) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2025.06.008 · Cited by 10
Recent Developments of RNA Vaccines and Therapeutics: Reagents, Formulations, and Characterization
Tomeh, M. A., Smith, R. K., & Watkinson, A. (2025) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5c00670 · Cited by 8
A survey of mechanisms underlying current and potential COVID‐19 vaccines
Hebel, C., & Thomsen, A. R. (2022) · Apmis · doi:10.1111/apm.13284 · Cited by 6
Vaccines: An overview
Lopez, S. M. C., Sato, A. I., & Chatterjee, A. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85730-7.00015-1 · Cited by 7
Harnessing nucleic acid technologies for human health on earth and in space
Sarli, S. L., & Watts, J. K. (2022) · Life Sciences in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.lssr.2022.08.006 · Cited by 6
SARS CoV-2 adenovirus and RNA based vaccines potential autoimmune complications: could we lower the chances?Preprint
Kelleni, M. T. (2020) · doi:10.22541/au.160677062.20686503/v1 · Cited by 6
Booster dose of self-amplifying SARS-CoV-2 RNA vaccine vs. mRNA vaccine: a phase 3 comparison of ARCT-154 with Comirnaty ®Preprint
Oda, Y., Kumagai, Y., Kanai, M., Iwama, Y., Okura, I., Minamida, T., Yagi, Y., Kurosawa, T., Greener, B. N., Zhang, Y., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.07.13.23292597 · Cited by 6
The rise of mRNA therapeutic vaccines
Du, J., Fan, Z., Huang, J., Li, Z., Hu, H., & Li, Y. (2025) · RSC Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1039/d4pm00309h · Cited by 5
Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA)-Based Universal Vaccines: Engineering Broad-Spectrum Immunity Against Future Pandemics
Muodiaju, J. C., & Madu, C. S. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.84821 · Cited by 5
Trans amplifying mRNA vaccine expressing consensus spike elicits broad neutralization of SARS CoV 2 variants
Gontu, A., Misra, S., Chothe, S. K., Ramasamy, S., Jakka, P., Byukusenge, M., LaBella, L. C., Nair, M. S., Jayarao, B. M., Archetti, M., et al. (2025) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-025-01166-1 · Cited by 6
Chemically modified tRNA enhances the translation capacity of mRNA rich in cognate codons
Dong, L., Wang, J., & Xia, Q. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-62981-7 · Cited by 6
Lipid nanoparticle-assisted mRNA therapy for cancer treatment
Kim, H.-J., Le, N. D., Oh, H.-J., Kim, B., Yoo, E., Kim, J., & Yim, H. (2025) · Applied Physics Reviews · doi:10.1063/5.0247029 · Cited by 5
Messenger RNA and Plasmid DNA Vaccines for the Treatment of Cancer
Moseman, J. E., Shim, D., Jeon, D., Rastogi, I., Schneider, K. M., & McNeel, D. G. (2025) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines13090976 · Cited by 5
Bladder cancer immunotherapy parallel advances in BCG optimization and next-generation vaccine platforms
Li, F., Wang, D., Gao, Y., & Cui, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1648698 · Cited by 6
RNA-based drugs: current, imminent and possible therapeutic applications
Torrisi, S. A., Geraci, F., Diolosà, L., Luca, A. D., Falzone, L., Drago, F., Libra, M., & Leggio, G. M. (2025) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2025.108958 · Cited by 9
An mRNA vaccine encoding the Ebola virus glycoprotein induces high neutralizing antibody titers and provides strong protection against lethal infections in mouse models
Stromberg, Z. R., Silva, E. E., Johnston, S. C., Johnson, D. M., Hall, D. E., Adjei, E., Altin, J. A., Abisoye-Ogunniyan, A., Gollott, T. R., He, W., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1682418 · Cited by 5
RNA therapeutics 2.0: Expanding the landscape from mRNA vaccines to splicing modulators and beyond
Karwa, P. N., & Sakle, N. S. (2026) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2026.108862 · Cited by 5
Engineering drug-responsive replication machinery for precise control of self-amplifying RNA
Yousefpour, P., Gregory, J. R., Si, K., Lonzarić, J., Li, Y., Wang, J., Qureshi, K., Ledbetter, A., Melo, M. B., Hostetler, A., et al. (2026) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-026-01723-6 · Cited by 5
Parenteral vaccine delivery
Jetha, K. L., Gogoi, N. R., Kumar, A., Shah, J. H., Trivedi, D. U., Bharadia, P. D., Vora, L. K., Valu, D., & Chavda, V. P. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-18564-9.00004-7 · Cited by 5
mRNA vaccine technology for infectious diseases and beyond
Hao, P., Xiao, L., Li, X., & Zhong, W. (2024) · Science China Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-024-2639-3 · Cited by 7
Parallel Multifactorial Process Optimization and Intensification for High-Yield Production of Live YF17D-Vectored Zika Vaccine
Göbel, S., Kazemi, O., Ma, J., Jordan, I., Sandig, V., Paulissen, J., Kerstens, W., Thibaut, H. J., Reichl, U., Dallmeier, K., et al. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12070755 · Cited by 5

Authors: Bloom, K., van den Berg, F., & Arbuthnot, P.
Affiliations: South African Medical Research Council (ZA)
Corresponding author: Bloom, Kristie
ORCID: Bloom, Kristie
van den Berg, Fiona
Arbuthnot, Patrick
Venue: Gene Therapy
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2020-10-22
Volume: 28
Issue: 3-4
Pages: 117-129
ISSN: 0969-7128 (ISSN-L)
1476-5462
DOI: 10.1038/s41434-020-00204-y
PMC: PMC7580817
OpenAlex: W3093949211
Cited by: 487
References: 136
Citations by year: 2026: 68 · 2025: 107 · 2024: 98 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 2
FWCI: 5.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Gene Therapy (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: South African Medical Research Council
National Research Foundation (118022, 120383)
Poliomyelitis Research Foundation (18/01)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
Keywords: self-amplifying RNA vaccine, RNA vaccines, infectious disease vaccines, in vitro transcription, SARS-CoV-2, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, rabies, Ebola, HIV-1, chronic infection
MeSH terms: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, Humans, RNA, Viral, Vaccination

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Self-amplifying RNA vaccines for infectious diseases

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks