Mechanistic Basis for Maintenance of CHG DNA Methylation in Plants
Open accessAbstract
DNA methylation is an evolutionarily conserved epigenetic mechanism essential for transposon silencing and heterochromatin assembly. In plants, DNA methylation widely occurs in the CG, CHG, and CHH (H = A, C, or T) contexts, with the maintenance of CHG methylation mediated by CMT3 chromomethylase. However, how CMT3 interacts with the chromatin environment for faithful maintenance of CHG methylation is unclear. Here we report structure-function characterization of the H3K9me2-directed maintenance of CHG methylation by CMT3 and its Zea mays ortholog ZMET2. Base-specific interactions and DNA deformation coordinately underpin the substrate specificity of CMT3 and ZMET2, while a bivalent readout of H3K9me2 and H3K18 allosterically stimulates substrate binding. Disruption of the interaction with DNA or H3K9me2/H3K18 led to loss of CMT3/ZMET2 activity in vitro and impairment of genome-wide CHG methylation in vivo. Together, our study uncovers how the intricate interplay of CMT3, repressive histone marks, and DNA sequence mediates heterochromatic CHG methylation.
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Histone proteins can undergo chemical modifications that alter chromatin structure and transcriptional activity, thereby contributing to phenotypic variability in micropropagated plants.
“Histone proteins, which help package and organize DNA within chromosomes, can undergo chemical modifications that alter chromatin structure and transcriptional activity, thereby contributing to phenotypic variability in micropropagated plants [52,53].”
From Somaclonal Variation and Clonal Fidelity in Commercial Micropropagation: Challenges and Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
The Introduction says covalent histone modifications provide epigenetic mechanisms and that repressive histone modifications help maintain a repressive chromatin state. The Discussion links histone modifications with gene silencing. Neither passage addresses phenotypic variability in micropropagated plants, so that extension is unsupported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe tissue culture environment influences methylation patterns, frequently causing hypermethylation or hypomethylation in specific genomic regions, which can result in somaclonal variation.
“The tissue culture environment influences methylation patterns, frequently causing hypermethylation or hypomethylation in specific genomic regions, which can result in somaclonal variation [52].”
From Somaclonal Variation and Clonal Fidelity in Commercial Micropropagation: Challenges and Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
The Results passages describe CHG methylation mechanisms and methylation changes in CMT3 mutant plants, not effects of a tissue-culture environment. Searches for tissue culture, hypermethylation or hypomethylation in that setting, and somaclonal variation found no passage addressing the claimed link. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Fang, J., Jiang, J., Leichter, S. M., Liu, J., Biswal, M., Khudaverdyan, N., Zhong, X., & Song, J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zhong, Xuehua
- Song, Jikui
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2022-07-05
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3877-3877
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9256654
- OpenAlex
- W4284673223
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 4.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (1R35GM124806, R35GM119721)
- NSF | BIO | Division of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences (1552455)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Molecular Biology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Keywords
- CMT3, DNA methylation maintenance, H3K9me2, H3K18, chromatin reader proteins, substrate specificity, DNA deformation, allosteric regulation, heterochromatin, transposon silencing, maize, structure functions
- MeSH terms
- Zea mays, DNA Methylation, Epigenesis, Genetic
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