UniKP: a unified framework for the prediction of enzyme kinetic parameters
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Prediction of enzyme kinetic parameters is essential for designing and optimizing enzymes for various biotechnological and industrial applications, but the limited performance of current prediction tools on diverse tasks hinders their practical applications. Here, we introduce UniKP, a unified framework based on pretrained language models for the prediction of enzyme kinetic parameters, including enzyme turnover number ( k cat ), Michaelis constant ( K m ), and catalytic efficiency ( k cat / K m ), from protein sequences and substrate structures. A two-layer framework derived from UniKP (EF-UniKP) has also been proposed to allow robust k cat prediction in considering environmental factors, including pH and temperature. In addition, four representative re-weighting methods are systematically explored to successfully reduce the prediction error in high-value prediction tasks. We have demonstrated the application of UniKP and EF-UniKP in several enzyme discovery and directed evolution tasks, leading to the identification of new enzymes and enzyme mutants with higher activity. UniKP is a valuable tool for deciphering the mechanisms of enzyme kinetics and enables novel insights into enzyme engineering and their industrial applications.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Vaswani, A., Shazeer, N., Parmar, N., Uszkoreit, J., Jones, L., Gomez, A. N., Kaiser, L., & Polosukhin, I. (2017) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1706.03762 · Cited by 120,404 · see citing works
Basic local alignment search tool
Altschul, S. F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E. W., & Lipman, D. J. (1990) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.1990.9999 · Cited by 98,669 · see citing works
ImageNet: A large-scale hierarchical image database
Deng, J., Dong, W., Socher, R., Li, L.-J., Li, K., & Fei-Fei, L. (2009) · 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2009.5206848 · Cited by 65,333 · see citing works
SMOTE synthetic minority over-sampling technique
Chawla, N. V., Bowyer, K. W., Hall, L. O., & Kegelmeyer, W. P. (2002) · Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research · doi:10.1613/jair.953 · Cited by 32,865 · see citing works
UniProt: the Universal Protein Knowledgebase in 2023
The UniProt Consortium, Bateman, A., Martin, M.-J., Orchard, S., Magrane, M., Ahmad, S., Alpi, E., Bowler-Barnett, E. H., Britto, R., Bye-A-Jee, H., et al. (2023) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkac1052 · Cited by 7,210 · see citing works
PubChem Substance and Compound databases
Kim, S., Thiessen, P. A., Bolton, E. E., Chen, J., Fu, G., Gindulyte, A., Han, L., He, J., He, S., Shoemaker, B. A., et al. (2016) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkv951 · Cited by 5,436 · see citing works
Self-citationSupervised Machine Learning: A Review of Classification Techniques
Kotsiantis, S. B. (2007) · Informatica · Cited by 4,192 · see citing works
The class imbalance problem: A systematic study1
Japkowicz, N., & Stephen, S. (2002) · Intelligent Data Analysis · doi:10.3233/ida-2002-6504 · Cited by 3,295 · see citing works
Rives, A., Meier, J., Sercu, T., Goyal, S., Lin, Z., Liu, J., Guo, D., Ott, M., Zitnick, C. L., Ma, J., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2016239118 · Cited by 3,286 · see citing works
Rives, A., Meier, J., Sercu, T., Goyal, S., Lin, Z., Liu, J., Guo, D., Ott, M., Zitnick, C. L., Ma, J., et al. (2019) · doi:10.1101/622803 · Cited by 3,280 · see citing works
Sagi, O., & Rokach, L. (2018) · WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery · doi:10.1002/widm.1249 · Cited by 3,103 · see citing works
Class-Balanced Loss Based on Effective Number of Samples
Cui, Y., Jia, M., Lin, T.-Y., Song, Y., & Belongie, S. (2019) · 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2019.00949 · Cited by 3,094 · see citing works
ProtTrans: Toward Understanding the Language of Life Through Self-Supervised Learning
Elnaggar, A., Heinzinger, M., Dallago, C., Rehawi, G., Wang, Y., Jones, L., Gibbs, T., Feher, T., Angerer, C., Steinegger, M., et al. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2021.3095381 · Cited by 2,329 · cited 4× · see citing works
“We speculated that pretrained models have greatly contributed to the performanceofUniKPbycreatinganeasilylearnablerepresentationof enzyme sequences and substrate structures using unsupervised information from the entire database 18 .”
InfluentialA Note on the Kinetics of Enzyme Action
Briggs, G. E., & Haldane, J. B. S. (1925) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj0190338 · Cited by 1,338 · see citing works
The Moderately Efficient Enzyme: Evolutionary and Physicochemical Trends Shaping Enzyme Parameters
Bar-Even, A., Noor, E., Savir, Y., Liebermeister, W., Davidi, D., Tawfik, D. S., & Milo, R. (2011) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi2002289 · Cited by 1,050 · see citing works
Tcherkez, G. G. B., Farquhar, G. D., & Andrews, T. J. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0600605103 · Cited by 772 · see citing works
Deep learning improves antimicrobial peptide recognition
Veltri, D., Kamath, U., & Shehu, A. (2018) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bty179 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Deep learning-based kcat prediction enables improved enzyme-constrained model reconstruction
Li, F., Yuan, L., Lu, H., Li, G., Chen, Y., Engqvist, M. K. M., Kerkhoven, E. J., & Nielsen, J. (2022) · Nature Catalysis · doi:10.1038/s41929-022-00798-z · Cited by 466 · cited 8× · see citing works
“” or k cat values less than or equal to 0, as per the DLKcat instruction 12 .”
InfluentialBRENDA, the enzyme information system in 2011
Scheer, M., Grote, A., Chang, A., Schomburg, I., Munaretto, C., Rother, M., Sohngen, C., Stelzer, M., Thiele, J., & Schomburg, D. (2011) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkq1089 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Currin, A., Swainston, N., Day, P. J., & Kell, D. B. (2014) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/c4cs00351a · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Directed evolution of enzyme catalysts
Kuchner, O., & Arnold, F. H. (1997) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/s0167-7799(97)01138-4 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
An introduction to domain adaptation and transfer learningPreprint
Kouw, W. M., & Loog, M. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.33906.56004 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Kuznetsova, E., Proudfoot, M., González, C. F., Brown, G., Omelchenko, M. V., Borozan, I., Carmel, L., Wolf, Y. I., Mori, H., Savchenko, A. V., et al. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m605449200 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Building a global alliance of biofoundries
Hillson, N., Caddick, M., Cai, Y.-Z., Carrasco, J., Chang, M., Curach, N., Bell, D. J., Lefeuvre, R., Friedman, D., Fu, X.-F., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10079-2 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Self-citationAmiram, M., Haimovich, A. D., Fan, C., Wang, Y., Aerni, H. R., Ntai, I., Moonan, D. W., Ma, N. J., Rovner, A. J., Hong, S. H., et al. (2015) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3372 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
SABIO-RK--database for biochemical reaction kinetics
Wittig, U., Kania, R., Golebiewski, M., Rey, M., Shi, L., Jong, L. M., Algaa, E., Weidemann, A., Sauer‐Danzwith, H., Mir, S., et al. (2011) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkr1046 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Delving into deep imbalanced regression
Yang, Y., Zha, K., Chen, Y.-C., Wang, H., & Katabi, D. (2021) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2102.09554 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
The BRENDA enzyme information system–From a database to an expert system
Schomburg, I., Jeske, L., Ulbrich, M., Placzek, S., Chang, A., & Schomburg, D. (2017) · Journal of Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.04.020 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Heckmann, D., Lloyd, C. J., Mih, N., Ha, Y., Zielinski, D. C., Haiman, Z. B., Desouki, A. A., Lercher, M. J., & Palsson, B. O. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07652-6 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Jendresen, C. B., Stahlhut, S. G., Li, M., Gaspar, P., Siedler, S., Förster, J., Maury, J., Borodina, I., & Nielsen, A. T. (2015) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.00405-15 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Adadi, R., Volkmer, B., Milo, R., Heinemann, M., & Shlomi, T. (2012) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002575 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
An approach for classification of highly imbalanced data using weighting and undersampling
Anand, A., Pugalenthi, G., Fogel, G. B., & Suganthan, P. N. (2010) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-010-0595-2 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Vannelli, T., Qi, W., Sweigard, J. A., Gatenby, A. A., & Sariaslani, F. S. (2006) · Metabolic Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ymben.2006.11.001 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Anticancer peptides prediction with deep representation learning features
Lv, Z., Cui, F., Zou, Q., Zhang, L., & Xu, L. (2021) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbab008 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Bag of Tricks for Long-Tailed Visual Recognition with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks
Zhang, Y., Wei, X.-S., Zhou, B., & Wu, J. (2021) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v35i4.16458 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Deep learning allows genome-scale prediction of Michaelis constants from structural features
Kroll, A., Engqvist, M. K. M., Heckmann, D., & Lercher, M. J. (2021) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001402 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Metabolic Models of Protein Allocation Call for the Kinetome
Nilsson, A., Nielsen, J., & Palsson, B. O. (2017) · Cell Systems · doi:10.1016/j.cels.2017.11.013 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Identification of Protein Subcellular Localization With Network and Functional Embeddings
Pan, X., Li, H., Zeng, T., Li, Z., Chen, L., Huang, T., & Cai, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.626500 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Underground metabolism: network-level perspective and biotechnological potential
Notebaart, R. A., Kintses, B., Feist, A. M., & Papp, B. (2017) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2017.07.015 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Structural Flexibility Modulates the Activity of Human Glutathione Transferase P1-1
Caccuri, A. M., Ascenzi, P., Antonini, G., Parker, M. W., Oakley, A. J., Chiessi, E., Nuccetelli, M., Battistoni, A., Bellizia, A., & Ricci, G. (1996) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.271.27.16193 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Plant uptake of NaCl in relation to enzyme kinetics and toxic effects
Trapp, S., Feifičová, D., Rasmussen, N. F., & Bauer‐Gottwein, P. (2008) · Environmental and Experimental Botany · doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2008.05.001 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Vannelli, T., Xue, Z., Breinig, S., Qi, W. W., & Sariaslani, F. S. (2007) · Enzyme and Microbial Technology · doi:10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.03.013 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
DLKcat cannot predict meaningful kcat values for mutants and unfamiliar enzymes
Kroll, A., & Lercher, M. J. (2024) · Biology Methods and Protocols · doi:10.1093/biomethods/bpae061 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Characterization of mutants of a tyrosine ammonia-lyase from Rhodotorula glutinis
Zhou, S., Liu, P., Chen, J., Du, G., Li, H., & Zhou, J. (2016) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-016-7672-8 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Chen, T., Wang, X., Chu, Y., Wang, Y., Jiang, M., Wei, D., & Xiong, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.580382 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Predicting plant Rubisco kinetics from RbcL sequence data using machine learning
Iqbal, W. A., Lisitsa, A., & Kapralov, M. V. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/erac368 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Discovery of Novel Tyrosine Ammonia Lyases for the Enzymatic Synthesis of p‐Coumaric Acid
Brack, Y., Sun, C., Yi, D., & Bornscheuer, U. T. (2022) · ChemBioChem · doi:10.1002/cbic.202200062 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Prediction of enzyme kinetic parameters based on statistical learning.
Borger, S., Liebermeister, W., & Klipp, E. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Yu, H., & Luo, X. (2022) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbac476 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationA Unified Geolocation Channel Model--Part I (Path Loss)
Progri, I. F. (2017) · Journal of Geolocation Geo-information and Geo-intelligence · doi:10.18610/jg3.2017.071604 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Exploiting spatial dimensions to enable parallelized continuous directed evolution
Wei, T., Lai, W., Chen, Q., Zhang, Y., Sun, C., He, X., Zhao, G., Fu, X., & Liu, C. (2022) · Molecular Systems Biology · doi:10.15252/msb.202210934 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Luo-SynBioLab/UniKP: UniKP: v1
Luo-SynBioLab, & Yu, H. (2023) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.10115497 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationBERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding
Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., & Toutanova, K. (2018) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1810.04805
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 54 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Relieving metabolic burden to improve robustness and bioproduction by industrial microorganisms
Mao, J., Zhang, H., Chen, Y., Wei, L., Liu, J., Nielsen, J., Chen, Y., & Xu, N. (2024) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108401 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Robust enzyme discovery and engineering with deep learning using CataPro
Wang, Z.-C., Xie, D., Wu, D., Luo, X.-Z., Wang, S., Li, Y., Yang, Y.-M., Li, W.-F., & Zheng, L.-Z. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-58038-4 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationCatPred: a comprehensive framework for deep learning in vitro enzyme kinetic parameters
Boorla, V. S., & Maranas, C. D. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-57215-9 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Cell factory design with advanced metabolic modelling empowered by artificial intelligence
Lu, H., Xiao, L., Liao, W., Yan, X., & Nielsen, J. (2024) · Metabolic Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ymben.2024.07.003 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Wang, J., Yang, Z., Chen, C., Ge, Y., Wan, X., Bao, S., Ding, J., Wang, L., & Jiang, H. (2024) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbae387 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Wang, T., Xiang, G., He, S., Su, L., Wang, Y., Yan, X., & Lu, H. (2024) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbae409 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
AI-Enhanced Electrochemical Sensing Systems: A Paradigm Shift for Intelligent Food Safety Monitoring
Zhao, Y., Sun, T., Zhang, H., Li, W. J., Lian, C., Jiang, Y., Qu, M., Zhao, Z., Wang, Y., Sun, Y., et al. (2025) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios15090565 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
DLTKcat: deep learning-based prediction of temperature-dependent enzyme turnover rates
Qiu, S., Zhao, S., & Yang, A. (2023) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbad506 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Yan, X., Bao, W., Wu, Y., Zhang, C., Mao, Z., Yuan, Q., Hu, Z., He, P., Peng, Q., Hu, M., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-54897-5 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Strategies to increase the robustness of microbial cell factories
Xu, P., Lin, N.-Q., Zhang, Z., & Liu, J.-Z. (2024) · Advanced Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s44307-024-00018-8 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Puniya, B. L., Verma, M., Damiani, C., Bakr, S. H., & Dräger, A. (2024) · Bioinformatics Advances · doi:10.1093/bioadv/vbae090 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Machine Learning-Driven Enzyme Mining: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
Moorhoff, F., Zhang, Y., Qiu, S., Dong, W., Medina-Ortiz, D., Zhao, J. B., & Davari, M. D. (2025) · ACS Catalysis · doi:10.1021/acscatal.5c04814 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Machine learning in predictive biocatalysis: A comparative review of methods and applications
Tripathi, N., Hérisson, J., & Faulon, J. (2025) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2025.108698 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
EITLEM-Kinetics: A deep-learning framework for kinetic parameter prediction of mutant enzymes
Shen, X., Cui, Z., Long, J., Zhang, S., Chen, B., & Tan, T. (2024) · Chem Catalysis · doi:10.1016/j.checat.2024.101094 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence-Driven Enzyme Engineering from Structural Prediction to De Novo Design
Shi, H., Bai, X., Tian, F., Li, Y., Li, D., Yao, L., Xue, C., & Tang, C. (2026) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.6c01781 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence Technology Assists Enzyme Prediction and Rational Design
Wang, Y., Han, S., Wang, Y., Liang, Q., & Luo, W. (2025) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.4c13201 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Ding, N., Yuan, Z., Ma, Z., Wu, Y., & Yin, L. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29153512 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Wei, M., Yang, M. J., Leng, H., & Shu, Y. (2025) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2025.138304 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Ding, N., Yuan, Z., Sun, L., & Yin, L. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29153687 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The Dawn of High-Throughput and Genome-Scale Kinetic Modeling: Recent Advances and Future Directions
Toumpe, I., Choudhury, S., Vassily Hatzimanikatis, A., & Mišković, L. (2025) · ACS Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1021/acssynbio.4c00868 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Ferreira, M. A. D. M., da Silveira, W. B., & Nikoloski, Z. (2024) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.28650 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Liu, S., Zhang, X., Wang, H., Kuzyakov, Y. V., Pan, J., Chen, F., Wang, F., Li, D., Tang, Y., & Ma, Z. (2025) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109915 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Of Revolutions and Roadblocks: The Emerging Role of Machine Learning in Biocatalysis
Vornholt, T., Stockinger, P., Mutný, M., Jeschek, M., Nestl, B. M., Oberdorfer, G., Osuna, S., Pleiss, J., Welner, D. H., Krause, A., et al. (2025) · ACS Central Science · doi:10.1021/acscentsci.5c00949 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Cheng, L., Zhang, Y., Cao, Y., & Alghazzawi, D. (2025) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbaf187 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Liu, S., Yang, S., & Su, P. (2024) · Science of Traditional Chinese Medicine · doi:10.1097/st9.0000000000000027 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
New insights in metabolism modelling to decipher plant–microbe interactions
Blonde, C., Caddeo, A., Nasser, W., Reverchon, S., Peyraud, R., & Haichar, F. E. Z. (2025) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.70063 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
From machine learning to multimodal models: The AI revolution in enzyme engineering
Shi, Z., Xu, S., Xue, S., Chen, K., Lu, Y., Wang, F., Long, S., Tian, Y., Zhang, P., Wang, J., et al. (2025) · BioDesign Research · doi:10.1016/j.bidere.2025.100044 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Advances in Machine Learning Models for Predicting Enzyme Kinetic Parameters
Malli, A., Vasyutyn, D., & Kim, J. R. (2025) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.5c02428 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Li, G., Zhang, N., Dai, X., & Fan, L. (2024) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00920 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Machine learning to guide the use of plasma technology for antibiotic degradation
Li, X., Jing, R., Zhong, N., Nie, X., Du, Y., Luo, J., & Huang, K. (2024) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135787 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ren, Y., Celińska, E., Cai, P., & Zhou, Y. J. (2025) · Chem & Bio Engineering · doi:10.1021/cbe.5c00002 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Machine learning for predicting protein properties: A comprehensive review
Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhan, X., He, Y., Yang, Y., Cheng, L., & Alghazzawi, D. (2024) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2024.128103 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Cai, Y., Zhang, W., Dou, Z., Wang, C., Yu, W., & Wang, L. (2025) · Computational Biology and Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2024.108327 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Domenzain, I., Lu, Y. P., Wang, H., Shi, J., Lu, H., & Nielsen, J. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2417322122 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Robust Prediction of Enzyme Variant Kinetics with RealKcatPreprint
Sajeevan, K. A., Osinuga, A., Arunraj, B., Ferdous, S., Shahreen, N., Noor, M., Koneru, S., Santa-Correa, L. M., Salehi, R., Chowdhury, N. B., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.02.10.637555 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Ma, G., Jiang, X., Yang, B., Li, L., Liu, R., Meng, Q., Li, J., Xie, L., Guo, H., Liu, S., et al. (2025) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2025.07.016 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Xu, L., Liu, H., Wang, X., Li, Q., Xu, S., Sun, C., & Suo, H. (2024) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c02436 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Qiu, W., Yang, P., Ye, J., Zhou, J., & Liu, S. (2025) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.4c11502 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Zhai, J., Qi, X., Cai, L., Liu, Y., Tang, H., Xie, L., & Wang, J. (2025) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbaf212 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Production of chemicals by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli
Jang, G., Kim, M.-J., & Lee, S. Y. (2025) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2025.103367 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Wang, J., Hong, Y., Wu, Z., Fishman, A., & Xu, P. (2025) · Metabolic Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ymben.2025.11.015 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Qiu, S., Wang, N.-K., Lu, Y., Gong, J., Shi, J., & Yang, A. (2025) · ACS Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1021/acssynbio.5c00679 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Advances in Zero‐Shot Prediction‐Guided Enzyme Engineering Using Machine Learning
Liu, C., Wu, J., Chen, Y., Liu, Y., Zheng, Y., Liu, L., & Zhao, J. B. (2024) · ChemCatChem · doi:10.1002/cctc.202401542 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Wang, B., Zhou, T., Shen, Y. C., Hu, W. W., Zhou, J., Tang, J., Han, R., Xu, G., Schwaneberg, U., Wang, B., et al. (2025) · ACS Catalysis · doi:10.1021/acscatal.5c01569 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Kroll, A., & Rousset, Y. (2025) · Current Opinion in Structural Biology · doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2025.103070 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
He, M., Wang, Q., Lin, Z., Sun, D., Yin, G., Deng, Y., & Yang, W. (2025) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202510161 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Rubisco is slow across the tree of life
de Pins, B., Malbranke, C., Jabłońska, J., Shmuel, A., Sharon, I., Bitbol, A., Mueller‐Cajar, O., Noor, Ε., & Milo, R. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2501433122 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Lu, X., Cao, M., Ma, M., Wu, Y., Qu, M., Du, F., Ji, R., Duan, M., Dong, L., Liu, K., et al. (2025) · Food Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/fbe2.70029 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Enzyme property prediction using artificial intelligence
Yuan, L., Shafaei, S., & Zhao, H. (2025) · Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.coche.2025.101208 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Advances in the Modification of Enzymatic Properties Based on Protein Engineering Strategies
Huang, Y., Wen, L., & Yang, B. K. (2026) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5c13434 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Natural Enzymes and Nanozymes: A Comparative Review of Structure, Mechanism and Kinetics
Sharma, M. V., Ibeyaima, A., Sharmah, B., Afzal, N. U., & Manna, P. (2025) · Topics in Catalysis · doi:10.1007/s11244-025-02201-0 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Machine learning for enzyme catalytic activity: current progress and future horizons
Qiu, S., Saeed, H., Leonard, W., Li, F., & Yang, A. (2026) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbag002 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Cutting-edge plant natural product pathway elucidation
Han, J.-N., Miller, E. P., & Li, S. (2024) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103137 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Discovery of alkaline laccases from basidiomycete fungi through machine learning-based approach
Wan, X., Shahrear, S., Chew, S. W., Vilaplana, F., & Mäkelä, M. (2024) · Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts · doi:10.1186/s13068-024-02566-6 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Overcoming bottlenecks towards complete biocatalytic conversions and complete product recovery
Wohlgemuth, R. (2024) · Reaction Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1039/d4re00349g · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Discovery of highly active kynureninases for cancer immunotherapy through protein language model
Eom, H., Park, S., Cho, K. S., Lee, J., Kim, H., Kim, S., Yang, J., Han, Y.-H., Lee, J., Seok, C., et al. (2025) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkae1245 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Modern machine learning methods for protein property prediction.
Dosajh, A., Agrawal, P., Chatterjee, P., & Priyakumar, U. (2025) · Current Opinion in Structural Biology · doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2025.102990 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Discovery, design, and engineering of enzymes based on molecular retrobiosynthesis
Chen, A., Peng, X., Shen, T., Zheng, L., Wu, D., & Wang, S. (2025) · mLife · doi:10.1002/mlf2.70009 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Biochemical evaluation of molecular parts for flavonoid production using plant synthetic biology
Lee, H., Lee, S. B., Park, S., Song, J., & Kim, B. (2025) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2025.1528122 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Machine Learning Empowering Microbial Cell Factory: A Comprehensive Review
Kong, D., Qian, J., Gao, C., Wang, Y., Shi, T., & Ye, C. (2025) · Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s12010-025-05260-x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Recent advances in microbial synthesis of polyphenols
Hong, Y., Lertphadungkit, P., Lv, Y., & Xu, P. (2025) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2025.103308 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Mapping multi-substrate specificity of Arabidopsis aminotransferases
Koper, K., de Oliveira, M. V. V., Huß, S., Hataya, S., Babadi, F. S., Hawkins, C. L., Rhee, S. Y., Takasuka, T. E., Nikoloski, Z., & Maeda, H. A. (2025) · Nature Plants · doi:10.1038/s41477-025-02095-6 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Fine-tuning of conditional Transformers improves in silico enzyme prediction and generation
Nicolini, M., Saitto, E., Franco, R. E. J., Cavalleri, E., Galeano, A., Malchiodi, D., Paccanaro, A., Robinson, P. N., Casiraghi, E., & Valentini, G. (2025) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2025.03.037 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Metabolic modeling of host-microbe interactions
Srinak, N., Krüger, F., Kaleta, C., & Taubenheim, J. (2025) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2025.10.006 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Open Enzyme Database: a community-wide repository for sharing enzyme data
Yuan, L., Bianchi, D. M., Arneson, K., Guo, B., Lambert, S., Stephens, C., Wasnik, Y., Pond, C., Berry, M. J., & Zhao, H. (2025) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkaf1082 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Zhang, T., & Miao, M. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.137779 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Jiang, J., Hu, J., Xie, S., Guo, M.-H., Dong, Y., Fu, S., Jiang, X., Yue, Z., Shi, J., Zhang, X., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.03.03.641178 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A structure-oriented kinetics dataset of enzyme-substrate interactions
Krishnan, S. R., Pandey, N., Srinivasan, R., & Roy, A. (2025) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-025-05829-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Metal ion of metal-organic frameworks facilitating immobilized chitinase performance
Xing, A., Xue, C., Mao, X., & Hu, Y. (2025) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.141972 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
UniESA: a unified data-driven framework for enzyme stereoselectivity and activity prediction
Weng, C., Li, J., Chen, Q., Han, J., Dong, Z.-T., Liu, Z., & Zheng, Y. (2025) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d4gc06253a · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Metabolic modelling: Insights into the machine room of plant metabolism
Machado, T. M., Töpfer, N., & Soltani, F. (2025) · Journal of Plant Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2025.154584 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
GotEnzymes2: expanding coverage of enzyme kinetics and thermal properties
Lyu, B., Wu, K., Huang, Y., Anton, M., Li, X., Viknander, S., Anwer, D., Yang, Y., Lu, D., Kerkhoven, E. J., et al. (2025) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkaf1053 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
AI-driven food bioprocessing: How far its integration with practice?
Wang, Q., Tan, Y., Li, W., Zeng, H., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2026.105662 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Miao, L., Zheng, Y., Cheng, R., Liu, J., Zheng, Z., Yang, H. Y., & Zhao, J. (2024) · Catalysts · doi:10.3390/catal14120905 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Wang, J., Zhao, Y., Yang, Z., Ge, Y., Han, P., Liu, J., Chen, C., Zan, P., Wan, X., Bo, X., et al. (2025) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbaf283 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mutailifu, M., Lin, N.-Q., Liu, F., & Liu, J.-Z. (2025) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5c04270 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Yin, X., Huang, T., & Lin, S. (2025) · ACS Catalysis · doi:10.1021/acscatal.5c07044 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A Deep Learning-Based Approach for Predicting Michaelis Constants from Enzymatic Reactions
Li, Y., & Wang, K. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15074017 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Advancing Enzyme Optimal pH Prediction via Retrieved Embedding Data Augmentation
Zhang, Z., Wei, Z., Qin, Z., Wang, L., Gong, J., Shi, J., Wu, J., & Deng, Z. (2025) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.5c00526 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Jiang, H., Wang, J., Yang, Z., Chen, C., Ge, Y., Bao, S., Wan, X., Ding, J., & Wang, L. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3916417/v1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Harnessing the optimization of enzyme catalytic rates in engineering of metabolic phenotypes
Razaghi‐Moghadam, Z., Babadi, F. S., & Nikoloski, Z. (2024) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012576 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Yang, H. J., Yu, H., & Ye, L. (2024) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.4c08813 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationSystematically exploring yeast metabolism through retrobiosynthesis and deep learning
Wu, K., Liu, H., Zhou, R., Sun, M., Mao, R., Jiang, Y., Kerkhoven, E. J., Chen, Y., Nielsen, J., Tang, H., et al. (2026) · Nature Catalysis · doi:10.1038/s41929-026-01523-w · Cited by 5 · see citing works
ThermoFinder: A sequence-based thermophilic proteins prediction framework
Yu, H., & Luo, X. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132469 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationMetaEnzyme: Meta Pan-Enzyme Learning for Task-Adaptive Redesign
Zheng, J., Zhang, H., Xu, Q., Zeng, A., & Li, S. Z. (2024) · ACM International Conference on Multimedia (ACM MM) · doi:10.1145/3664647.3680883 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Du, B.-X., Yu, H., Zhu, B., Long, Y., Wu, M., & Shi, J. (2025) · Methods · doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2025.02.010 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationA multimodal deep learning framework for enzyme turnover prediction with missing modality
Sun, X., Wang, Y. G., & Shen, Y. (2025) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.110348 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Xu, S., Yin, Y., Pan, Y., Zhang, H., Yin, S., Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., Dai, S., Shen, H., Li, Y., et al. (2025) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202502896 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Erkanli, M. E., Jang, Y., Malli, A., El‐Halabi, K., Ryu, C., & Kim, J. R. (2025) · ACS Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1021/acssynbio.5c00257 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A geometric deep learning framework for genome-wide prediction of enzyme turnover number
Pan, T., Cui, X., Koh, H. Y., Bi, Y., Wang, X., Zhang, Y., Hu, S., Webb, G. I., Kurgan, L., Zhang, G., et al. (2026) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-026-03986-3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Computational Bioprospecting of Enzymes
Xiang, R., Martinez-Sugrañes, M., Muñoz‐Tafalla, R., Floor, M., & Guallar, V. (2025) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Computational Molecular Science · doi:10.1002/wcms.70037 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Xu, R., Li, X., Sui, J., Wu, L., Ling, C., Zheng, L., & Guo, J. (2025) · ACS Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1021/acssynbio.5c00755 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Data engineering for AI applications in energetic materials
Zang, X., Feng, Q., Zhu, P., Ye, Y., & Shen, R. (2025) · FirePhysChem · doi:10.1016/j.fpc.2025.11.010 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
AI-enabled protein design facilitates future plant research and crop breeding
Lou, Y., Wu, T., Xia, F., Zhao, A., & Wang, X. (2026) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1093/plphys/kiag147 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Deng, R., Wu, K., Lin, J., Wang, D., Huang, Y., Li, Y., Shi, Z., Zhang, Z., Wang, Z., Mao, Z., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25094803 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
SELFprot: Effective and Efficient Multitask Finetuning Methods for Protein Parameter Prediction
Wilson, M. O., Coudrat, T., & Warden, A. C. (2025) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.4c02230 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Smith, E., Smith, H. B., & Andersen, J. L. (2024) · PLOS complex systems. · doi:10.1371/journal.pcsy.0000022 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Boorla, V. S., & Maranas, C. D. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.03.10.584340 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Su, Z., Shi, C., Fan, Y., Gao, Y., Wang, L., Ren, X., Shen, Y., & Wang, M. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.138443 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Biosynthesis of 10-Hydroxy-2-Decenoic Acid in Escherichia coli
He, D., Chen, Y., Shen, J., Han, Y., Keasling, J. D., & Luo, X. (2025) · Metabolic Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ymben.2025.01.006 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Yu, H., Deng, H., He, J., Keasling, J. D., & Luo, X.
- Affiliations
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
- Corresponding author
- Luo, Xiaozhou
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2023-12-11
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 8211-8211
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10713628
- OpenAlex
- W4389546039
- Cited by
- 226
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 96 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 20.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (32071421)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Machine Learning in Bioinformatics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Enzyme Catalysis and Immobilization
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Structure and Dynamics
- Keywords
- Michaelis constant, catalytic efficiency, protein sequences, substrate structure, pre-trained language models, environmental factors, pH and temperature effects, enzyme discovery, directed evolution, enzyme engineering
- MeSH terms
- Biotechnology, Catalysis, Kinetics, Temperature
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review