CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 4

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Ecological legacies and recent footprints of the Amazon’s Lost City

Bush, Mark B., Sales, Rachel K., Neill, David, Valencia, Bryan G., León-Yánez, Susana, Stanley, Amie, Sinkler, Wyllana, Bennett, Isabel, Gomes, Bianca T., Land, Klaas, McMichael, Crystal N. H.·2025·Nature Communications
DOI 10.1038/s41467-025-62315-7PMC PMC12354841
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/s41467-025-62315-7

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Bush et al.'s approach favours a combined explanation involving indirect human legacy and climate-driven fluctuations for the increased abundance of Dictyocaryum.

    “Their approach, using different methods and data sources, favours a combined explanation involving indirect human legacy and climate-driven fluctuations for the increased abundance of Dictyocaryum.”

    From Ecological legacies of pre-columbian settlements evident in palm clusters of neotropical mountain forests (2026) · cites this paper as Bush et al. [41]

  • Short-term successional dynamics following forest disturbance are relatively well understood for lowland Amazonia, but such processes in neotropical montane environments remain less studied.

    “Although short-term successional dynamics following forest disturbance are relatively well understood for lowland Amazonia44—for instance, the dominance of early successional species depending on disturbance scale—such processes in neotropical montane environments remain less studied6,41.”

    From Ecological legacies of pre-columbian settlements evident in palm clusters of neotropical mountain forests (2026) · cites this paper as [41]

  • Bush et al. found that modern distributions of Dictyocaryum in the northern Andes reflect long-term human influence, showing that contemporary palm locations can carry the signature of past activities.

    “They found that modern distributions of Dictyocaryum in the northern Andes reflect long-term human influence, showing that contemporary palm locations can carry the signature of past activities.”

    From Ecological legacies of pre-columbian settlements evident in palm clusters of neotropical mountain forests (2026) · cites this paper as Bush et al. [41]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 63

  1. Swenson, J. J. et al. Plant and animal endemism in the eastern Andean slope: challenges to conservation. BMC Ecol. 12, 1 (2012). · DOI
  2. Myers, N., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., da Fonseca, G. A. B. & Kent, J. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403, 853–858 (2000). · DOI · Paper page
  3. Bonavia, D. in The Inca world: The development of pre-Columbian Peru. (ed Laura Laurencich Minelli) 121–131 (University of Oklahoma Press, 2000).
  4. Lanning, E. P. Chronological and cultural relationships of early pottery styles in ancient Peru. Vol. 2 (University of California, Berkeley, 1960).
  5. Steward, J. H. Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 3. The tropical forest tribes. (Smithsonian Institution, 1948).
  6. Bush, M. B., Piperno, D. R. & Colinvaux, P. A. A 6000 year history of Amazonian maize cultivation. Nature 340, 303–305 (1989). · DOI
  7. Rostain, S. Secuencia arqueológica en montículos del valle del Upano en la Amazonía ecuatoriana. Bulletin de l’Institut Français D'études Andines 28 (1999). · DOI
  8. Rostain, S. Between Sierra and Selva: landscape transformations in upper Ecuadorian Amazonia. Quat. Int. 249, 31–42 (2012). · DOI · Paper page
  9. Salazar, E. De vuelta al Sangay-Investigaciones arqueológicas en el Alto Upano, amazonía ecuatoriana. Bulletin de l’Institut français d'études andines 27 (1998). · DOI
  10. Salazar, E. Pre-Columbian mound complexes in the Upano river valley, lowland Ecuador. The Handbook of South American Archaeology, 263–278 (2008). · DOI · Paper page
  11. McMichael, C. et al. 30,000 years of landscape and vegetation dynamics in a mid-elevation Andean valley. Quat. Sci. Rev. 258, 106866 (2021). · DOI
  12. Church, W. B. & Von Hagen, A. in The Handbook of South American Archaeology 903–926 (Springer, 2008). · DOI
  13. Pearsall, D. M. in The Handbook of South American Archaeology (eds Silverman, H. & Isbell, W. H.) 105–120 (Springer New York, 2008). · DOI · Paper page
  14. Piperno, D. R. in Foraging Theory and the Transition to Agriculture (eds Kennett, D. & Winterhalder, B.) 137–166 (University of California Press, 2006).
  15. Clement, C. R. et al. Disentangling domestication from food production systems in the Neotropics. Quaternary 4, 4 (2021). · DOI · Paper page
  16. Levis, C. et al. How people domesticated Amazonian forests. Front. Ecol. Evol. 5, 171 (2018). · DOI · Paper page
  17. Chepstow-Lusty, A. & Winfield, M. Inca agroforestry: Lessons from the past. Ambio 29, 322–328 (2000). · DOI
  18. Carlson, P. & Dawson, J. Soil nitrogen changes, early growth, and response to soil internal drainage of a plantation of Alnus jorullensis in the Colombian highlands. Turrialba 35, 141–150 (1985).
  19. Dunn, W., Morgan, P. & Lynch, A. Production of alder (Alnus jorullensis) to meet fuelwood demand in the Sierra of Ecuador. Agrofor. Syst. 10, 199–211 (1990). · DOI
  20. Bush, M. B., Mosblech, N. A. S. & Church, W. Climate change and the agricultural history of a mid-elevation Andean montane forest. Holocene 25, 1522–1532 (2015). · DOI · Paper page
  21. Åkesson, C. et al. Long-term ecological legacies in western Amazonia. J. Ecol. 1, 432–446 (2021). · DOI · Paper page
  22. de Novaes Nascimento, M. et al. Fire in the clouds: How changing land use shaped an Andean biodiversity hotspot. Quat. Sci. Rev. 317, 108278 (2023). · DOI
  23. Kolata, A. L., Binford, M. W. & Ortloff, C. Environmental thresholds and the empirical reality of state collapse: a response to Erickson (1999). Antiquity 74, 424 (2000). · DOI
  24. Mosely, M. E. & Richardson, J. B. III Doomed by natural disaster. Archaeology 45, 44–45 (1992).
  25. Erickson, C. L. Neo-environmental determinism and agrarian ‘collapse’ in Andean prehistory. Antiquity 73, 634 (1999). · DOI · Paper page
  26. Ledru, M.-P. et al. The Medieval climate anomaly and the Little Ice Age in the eastern Ecuadorian Andes. Climate 9, 307–321 (2013).
  27. Bird, B. W. et al. A 2,300-year-long annually resolved record of the South American summer monsoon from the Peruvian Andes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 108, 8583–8588 (2011). · DOI
  28. Sales, R. et al. Wet and dry events influenced colonization of a mid-elevation Andean forest. Quat. Sci. Rev. 327, 108518 (2024). · DOI
  29. Burger, R. L. & Salazar, L. C. Machu Picchu: unveiling the mystery of the Incas. (Yale University Press, 2004).
  30. Science, A. A. Lost City development in the Upper Amazon. Science 383, 1 (2024).
  31. Rostain, S. et al. Two thousand years of garden urbanism in the Upper Amazon. Science 383, 183–189 (2024). · DOI · Paper page
  32. Pagán Jiménez, J. R. & Rostain, S. in Antes de Orellana. Actas del 3er Encuentro Internacional de Arqueología Amazónica Vol. 313–322 (ed S. Rostain) (IFEA, FLACSO, Embajada de los EEUU, 2014).
  33. Levis, C. et al. Persistent effects of pre-Columbian plant domestication on Amazonian forest composition. Science 355, 925–931 (2017). · DOI · Paper page
  34. Levis, C. et al. Historical Human Footprint on Modern Tree Species Composition in the Purus-Madeira Interfluve, Central Amazonia. PloS One 7, e48559 (2012). · DOI · Paper page
  35. Levis, C. et al. Contributions of human cultures to biodiversity and ecosystem conservation. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 8, 866–879 (2024). · DOI
  36. Bush, M. B. et al. Anthropogenic influence on Amazonian forests in pre-history: An ecological perspective. J. Biogeogr. 42, 2277–2288 (2015). · DOI · Paper page
  37. McMichael, C. N. H. Ecological legacies of past human activities in Amazonian forests. N. Phytol. 229, 2492–2496 (2020). · DOI · Paper page
  38. McMichael, C. N. H., Bush, M. B., Jiménez, J. C. & Gosling, W. D. Perspective Article: Past human-induced ecological legacies as a driver of Amazonian forest resilience. People Nat. 5, 1415–1429 (2023). · DOI
  39. Balée, W., Swanson, T., Zurita-Benavides, M. G. & Macedo, J. C. R. Evidence for landscape transformation of ridgetop forests in amazonian Ecuador. Lat. Am. Antiq. 34, 842–856 (2023). · DOI
  40. Balée, W. Sowing the Forest: A Historical Ecology of People and Their Landscapes. (University of Alabama Press, 2023). · DOI
  41. Ferreira, M. J., Levis, C., Iriarte, J. & Clement, C. R. Legacies of intensive management in forests around pre-columbian and modern settlements in the Madeira-Tapajós interfluve, Amazonia. Acta Bot. Bras. 33, https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-33062018abb33060339 (2019). · DOI
  42. Turner, M. G. Disturbance and landscape dynamics in a changing world. Ecology 91, 2833–2849 (2010). · DOI
  43. Blaauw, M. & Christen, J. A. rbacon: Age-depth modelling using Bayesian statistics. R Package Version 2.4. (2018). · DOI
  44. Lane, C. S., Cummings, K. E. & Clark, J. J. Maize pollen deposition in modern lake sediments: A case study from Northeastern Wisconsin. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 159, 177–187 (2010). · DOI
  45. Piperno, D. R. Phytoliths: A comprehensive guide for archaeologists and paleoecologists. (Alta Mira Press, 2006).
  46. Athens, J. S. et al. Early prehistoric maize in Northern Highland Ecuador. Lat. Am. Antiq. 27, 3–21 (2016). · DOI
  47. Pearsall, D. M., Chandler-Ezell, K. & Zeidler, J. A. Maize in ancient Ecuador: results of residue analysis of stone tools from the Real Alto site. J. Archaeological Sci. 31, 423–442 (2004). · DOI
  48. Åkesson, C. M., McMichael, C. N., León-Yánez, S. & Bush, M. B. Late-Holocene maize cultivation, fire, and forest change at Lake Ayauchi, Amazonian Ecuador. Holocene 33, 550–561 (2023). · DOI · Paper page
  49. Schiferl, J. D., Bush, M. B., Silman, M. R. & Urrego, D. H. Vegetation responses to late Holocene climate changes in an Andean forest. Quat. Res. 89, 60–74 (2018). · DOI · Paper page
  50. Losos, E. Habitat specificity of two palm species: experimental transplantation in Amazonian successional forests. Ecology, 2595–2606 (1995). · DOI
  51. Pazmiño, E. M. Monumentality and Social Complexity in the Upano Valley, Upper Amazon of Ecuador. The Archaeology of the Upper Amazon: Complexity and Interaction in the Andean Tropical Forest, 129–147 (2021). · DOI
  52. Salazar, E. in The Handbook of South American Archaeology 263–278 (Springer, 2008). · DOI · Paper page
  53. Hua, Q., Barbetti, M. & Rakowski, A. Z. Atmospheric radiocarbon for the period 1950–2010. Radiocarbon 55, 2059–2072 (2013). · DOI · Paper page
  54. Blaauw, M. & Christen, J. A. Flexible paleoclimate age-depth models using an autoregressive gamma process. Bayesian Anal. 6, 457–474 (2011). · DOI
  55. Faegri, K. & Iversen, J. Textbook of pollen analysis. 4th edn, 328 (Wiley, 1989).
  56. Bush, M. B. & Weng, C. Introducing a new (freeware) tool for palynology. J. Biogeogr. 34, 377–380 (2007). · DOI
  57. Morcote-Ríos, G., Bernal, R. & Raz, L. Phytoliths as a tool for archaeobotanical, palaeobotanical and palaeoecological studies in Amazonian palms. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 182, 348–360 (2016). · DOI
  58. Huisman, S., McMichael, C. H. & Bush, M. B. Four centuries of local-scale vegetation change in a fire-free mid-elevation Andean forest. Veg. Hist. Archaeobot. 28, 679–689 (2019). · DOI
  59. Clark, J. S. & Hussey, T. C. Estimating the mass flux of charcoal from sedimentary records: effects of particle size, morphology, and orientation. Holocene 6, 129–144 (1996). · DOI
  60. Whitlock, C. & Larsen, C. Charcoal as a fire proxy. Tracking environmental change using lake sediments, 75–97 (2002). · DOI
  61. Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S. & Eliceiri, K. W. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat. Methods 9, 671 (2012). · DOI · Paper page
  62. Bush, M. B. et al. Modern pollen assemblages of the Neotropics. J. Biogeogr. 48, 231–241 (2021). · DOI
  63. Abrams, M., Crippen, R. & Fujisada, H. ASTER global digital elevation model (GDEM) and ASTER global water body dataset (ASTWBD). Remote Sens. 12, 1156 (2020). · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Bush, M. B., Sales, R. K., Neill, D., Valencia, B. G., León-Yánez, S., Stanley, A., Sinkler, W., Bennett, I., Gomes, B. T., Land, K., & McMichael, C. N. H.
Venue
Nature Communications
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2025-08-14
Volume
16
Issue
1
ISSN
2041-1723
DOI
10.1038/s41467-025-62315-7
PMC
PMC12354841
Cited by
4
References
2
Language
en
Licence

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review