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How does diabetes accelerate Alzheimer disease pathology?

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Brain delivery of therapeutic proteins using an Fc fragment blood-brain barrier transport vehicle in mice and monkeys

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SYK coordinates neuroprotective microglial responses in neurodegenerative disease

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Enhancing protective microglial activities with a dual function TREM2 antibody to the stalk region

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Altered microglial response to Aβ plaques in APPPS1-21 mice heterozygous for TREM2

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TREM2 deficiency exacerbates tau pathology through dysregulated kinase signaling in a mouse model of tauopathy

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Microglial activation states drive glucose uptake and FDG-PET alterations in neurodegenerative diseases.

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The FTD‐like syndrome causing TREM2 T66M mutation impairs microglia function, brain perfusion, and glucose metabolism

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Concerted type I interferon signaling in microglia and neural cells promotes memory impairment associated with amyloid β plaques

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Alzheimer’s-associated PLCγ2 is a signaling node required for both TREM2 function and the inflammatory response in human microglia

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Emerging Microglia Biology Defines Novel Therapeutic Approaches for Alzheimer’s Disease

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Dual roles of hexokinase 2 in shaping microglial function by gating glycolytic flux and mitochondrial activity

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Lecanemab in Early Alzheimer’s Disease

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Plasmalogens and Alzheimer’s disease: A review

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Apolipoprotein D takes center stage in the stress response of the aging and degenerative brain

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Microglial mechanisms drive amyloid-β clearance in immunized patients with Alzheimer’s disease

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Microglia antioxidant systems and redox signalling

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Connecting Alzheimer's disease to diabetes: Underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets

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Novel App knock-in mouse model shows key features of amyloid pathology and reveals profound metabolic dysregulation of microglia

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Stimulation of TREM2 with agonistic antibodies—an emerging therapeutic option for Alzheimer's disease

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p53 Localization at Centrosomes during Mitosis and Postmitotic Checkpoint Are ATM-dependent and Require Serine 15 Phosphorylation

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Microcystis pangenome reveals cryptic diversity within and across morphospecies

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Early lysosomal maturation deficits in microglia triggers enhanced lysosomal activity in other brain cells of progranulin knockout mice

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Diet-dependent regulation of TGFβ impairs reparative innate immune responses after demyelination

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Defects in lysosomal function and lipid metabolism in human microglia harboring a TREM2 loss of function mutation

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RIPK1 or RIPK3 deletion prevents progressive neuronal cell death and improves memory function after traumatic brain injury

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Plasmalogens Eliminate Aging-Associated Synaptic Defects and Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation in Mice

Gu, J., Chen, L., Sun, R., Wang, J., Wang, J., Lin, Y., Lei, S., Zhang, Y., Lv, D., Jiang, F., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2022.815320 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

AhR and SHP regulate phosphatidylcholine and S-adenosylmethionine levels in the one-carbon cycle

Kim, Y., Seok, S., Byun, S., Kong, B., Zhang, Y., Guo, G. L., Xie, W., Ma, J., KEMPER, B. W., & Kemper, J. K. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03060-y · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Aducanumab anti-amyloid immunotherapy induces sustained microglial and immune alterations

Cadiz, M. P., Gibson, K. A., Todd, K. T., Nascari, D. G., Massa, N., Lilley, M. T., Olney, K. C., Al-Amin, M. M., Jiang, H., Holtzman, D. M., et al. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20231363 · Cited by 55 · see citing works

Inflammation: major denominator of obesity, Type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease-like pathology?

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Size‐Selective Transfer of Lipid Nanoparticle‐Based Drug Carriers Across the Blood Brain Barrier Via Vascular Occlusions Following Traumatic Brain Injury

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Plasmalogen deficiency and neuropathology in Alzheimer's disease: Causation or coincidence?

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The potential and challenges of TREM2-targeted therapy in Alzheimer’s disease: insights from the INVOKE-2 study

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A microglial activity state biomarker panel differentiates FTD-granulin and Alzheimer’s disease patients from controls

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Defining the ATPome reveals cross-optimization of metabolic pathways

Bennett, N. K., Nguyen, M. K., Darch, M. A., Nakaoka, H. J., Cousineau, D., ten Hoeve, J., Graeber, T. G., Schuelke, M., Maltepe, E., Kampmann, M., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18084-6 · Cited by 39 · see citing works

Use of Donanemab in Early Symptomatic Alzheimer Disease—Reply

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PET imaging of microglia in Alzheimer's disease using copper-64 labeled TREM2 antibodies

Shojaei, M., Schaefer, R., Schlepckow, K., Kunze, L. H., Struebing, F. L., Brunner, B., Willem, M., Bartos, L. M., Feiten, A., Palumbo, G., et al. (2024) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.97149 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Distinct myeloid population phenotypes dependent on TREM2 expression levels shape the pathology of traumatic versus demyelinating CNS disorders

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Deciphering sources of PET signals in the tumor microenvironment of glioblastoma at cellular resolution

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Single-Cell Radiotracer Allocation via Immunomagnetic Sorting to Disentangle PET Signals at Cellular Resolution

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Frontotemporal Dementia and Chorea Associated with a Compound Heterozygous TREM2 Mutation

Redaelli, V., Salsano, E., Colleoni, L., Corbetta, P., Tringali, G., Sole, A. D., Giaccone, G., & Rossi, G. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-180018 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Membranous lipodystrophy presenting with palilalia: a PET study of cerebral glucose metabolism

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hCoCena: horizontal integration and analysis of transcriptomics datasets

Oestreich, M., Holsten, L., Agrawal, S., Dahm, K., Koch, P., Jin, H., Becker, M., & Ulas, T. (2022) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btac589 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Early intervention anti-Aβ immunotherapy attenuates microglial activation without inducing exhaustion at residual plaques

de Weerd, L., Hummel, S., Müller, S. A., Paris, I., Sandmann, T., Eichholtz, M., Gröger, R., Englert, A. L., Wagner, S., Ha, C., et al. (2025) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-025-00878-1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

PET imaging of TREM2 in amyloid-beta induced neuroinflammation

Dahlén, A. D., Roshanbin, S., Aguilar, X., Bucher, N. M., van den Broek, S. L., Sehlin, D., & Syvänen, S. (2025) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-025-07358-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Faculty Opinions recommendation of A TREM2-activating antibody with a blood-brain barrier transport vehicle enhances microglial metabolism in Alzheimer's disease models.

Endert, P. V., & Mauvais, F. (2023) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.742491914.793597512 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Data-driven hypothesis weighting increases detection power in multiple testingPreprint

Ignatiadis, N., Klaus, B., Zaugg, J. B., & Huber, W. K. (2015) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/034330 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Priming of microglia by type II interferon is lasting and resistant to modulation by interleukin-10 in situ

Hemmerich, M., Malorny, N., Lewen, A., Hollnagel, J., Chausse, B., & Kann, O. (2022) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577881 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Response to Comment on “Microglial activation states drive glucose uptake and FDG-PET alterations in neurodegenerative diseases”

Xiang, X., Tahirović, S., Ziegler, S. I., Haass, C., & Brendel, M. (2022) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abn5104 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

hCoCena: A toolbox for network-based co-expression analysis and horizontal integration of transcriptomic datasets

Holsten, L., Dahm, K., Oestreich, M., Becker, M., & Ulas, T. (2024) · STAR Protocols · doi:10.1016/j.xpro.2024.102922 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia-like Syndrome With Novel Heterozygous TREM2 Frameshift Mutation

Williamson, J. C., & Larner, A. J. (2018) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0000000000000271 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

An Improved Method for Sampling and Quantitative Protein Analytics of Cerebrospinal Fluid of Individual Mice

Lourbopoulos, A. I., Müller, S. A., Jocher, G., Wick, M. W., Plesnila, N., & Lichtenthaler, S. F. (2025) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.mcpro.2025.100958 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Longitudinal increase of sTREM2 in CSF and its relationship with other biomarkers and cognition along the evolution of autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease

Morenas‐Rodríguez, E., Haass, C., & Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (2022) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.061230 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Decoding microglial immunometabolism: a new frontier in Alzheimer's disease research

Jung, E. S., Choi, H., & Mook-Jung, I. (2025) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-025-00825-0 · Cited by 124 · see citing works

Microglia transcriptional states and their functional significance: Context drives diversity

Depp, C., Doman, J. L., Hingerl, M., Xia, J., & Stevens, B. (2025) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2025.04.009 · Cited by 81 · see citing works

Microglial and TREM2 dialogues in the developing brain

Morini, R., Tagliatti, E., Bizzotto, M., & Matteoli, M. (2025) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2025.04.022 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Early intervention anti-Aβ immunotherapy attenuates microglial activation without inducing exhaustion at residual plaques

de Weerd, L., Hummel, S., Müller, S. A., Paris, I., Sandmann, T., Eichholtz, M., Gröger, R., Englert, A. L., Wagner, S., Ha, C., et al. (2025) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-025-00878-1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Therapeutic targeting of neuroimmune mechanisms in neurodegeneration

Monroe, K. M., Hong, S. Y., Lewcock, J. W., & Yang, A. C. (2026) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-025-01370-7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Metabolic reprogramming and signalling networks in microglial activation: Implications for neurodegeneration

El-Hamri, M.-A., & Abboussi, O. (2026) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2026.103138 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Recent advances in Alzheimer’s disease: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies

Rudman, M. D., Ulrich, J. D., & Holtzman, D. M. (2026) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2026.06.006 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Synergistic potential of TREM2 agonists and exercise training in Alzheimer’s disease

Zhang, J., Schneider, B. A., Muguerza, E., Chung, E. K., & Hsu, C. G. (2026) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00124.2025 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Aquaporin‑4 polarization and glymphatic function in Alzheimer’s disease: Mechanisms, modulators, and therapeutic strategies

Huang, B., & Tang, G. (2026) · Pathology - Research and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.prp.2026.156564 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

IL-10–STAT3-Dependent Transcriptional Regulation in Microglia: Alzheimer’s Disease and Neuroinflammation

Kim, M. E., & Lee, J. S. (2026) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines14040826 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Microglial mitophagy as an immunometabolic checkpoint in alzheimer’s disease: linking mitochondrial quality control to neuroinflammation

Zou, M., Zhao, T., Wu, W., Zhang, J. Y., Pan, P., Yan, J., Li, Q., & Zhou, Y. (2026) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-026-03946-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Immunopharmacological reprogramming of innate immune memory in Alzheimer’s disease: From microglial priming to therapeutic resilience

Abdelaziz, A. M., & Eladawy, R. M. (2026) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2026.118381 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Microglial state transitions are constrained by developmental and metabolic checkpoints

Mesaoudi, A. E., & Kim, D. W. (2026) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2026.1852176 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Modeling stimulus-induced stress responses in microglia-like cells using a commercial iPSC-dCas9-KRAB line

Saunders, D. M., Kearns, N. A., Ng, B., Sultan, F. A., Vyas, H., Vialle, R. A., Clark, E. M., Tissera, S. L. D., Xu, J., Bennett, D. A. A., et al. (2026) · Stem Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.scr.2026.104017 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

T cell-microglial interactions that impair myelin maintenance and regeneration: cellular mechanisms on white-matter associated changes

Song, C., Lee, Y., & Kim, M. S. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1813048 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Cholinergic regulation of neuroinflammation: linking microglia, immunometabolism, and neuromodulation

Guo, H., Yang, Z., & Cheng, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1837643 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Human Microglial Molecular Alterations in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease

Baldo, K. A. T., Gozlan, E., Chidebe, E. O., Awogbindin, I. O., Prieto, M. O., Dalmacio, L. M. M., Ben-Azu, B., Frenkel, D., & Tremblay, M. (2026) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells15131159 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Nutritional substrates and microglial metabolic fitness in brain aging and Alzheimer's disease: from lipid handling to TREM2-linked translation

Li, Z., Ming, Q., Fu, L., Yang, J., Lv, Y., Chen, B., & Lu, Z. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1886340 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

From metabolism to neurodegeneration: how microglial functional reprogramming drives neurodegenerative diseases

Cui, Q., Zheng, K., Liu, Q., Wang, L., Liu, Y., Bai, R., Zhang, W., Guo, J., Chang, X., & Wang, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2026.1921079 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Lymphoid-like Suppressive Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease: A New Neuroimmune Regulatory Axis?

Chmiel, J., Gawełczyk, W., Soczyńska, J., & Leszek, J. (2026) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells15131151

Anti-Aβ immunotherapy-mediated amyloid clearance attenuates microglial activation without inducing exhaustion at residual plaquesPreprint

de Weerd, L., Hummel, S., Müller, S. A., Paris, I., Sandmann, T., Eichholtz, M., Gröger, R., Englert, A. L., Wagner, S., Ha, C., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.04.10.645950

Targeting TREM2 to disentangle neuroinflammation and α-Syn pathological propagation in Parkinson's disease

Chen, Y., Wang, H., Wang, J., & Wei, J. (2026) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2026.112485

A human neuron-microglia tri-culture platform to study the influence of microglia on developing neuronal networks in vitroPreprint

Guerrisi, S., Pavlinek, A., Cunningham, O. L., Chennell, G., Vernon, A. C., & Srivastava, D. P. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.04.06.716675

Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) immunomodulatory nanoparticles attenuate neuroinflammation and Alzheimer’s disease-related pathology in 5xFAD micePreprint

Sanders, B., Korthauer, M., Parihar, K. S., & Ifergan, I. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.04.27.720934

A high-throughput method to computationally develop candidate adverse outcome pathways in humans: a proof of concept with insecticides and Parkinson’s Disease

Rollin, D., Shen, C., Groh, K. J., & Kosnik, M. B. (2026) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfag122

Effects of traditional Chinese medicine on microglia immunometabolism: A new frontier in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases

Li, Q., Ding, M., He, R., Cheng, J., & Yuan, Z. (2026) · Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative · doi:10.1016/j.bbii.2026.100179

Cellular state transitions in neuroimmune disorders

Naffaa, M. M. (2026) · Exploration of Immunology · doi:10.37349/ei.2026.1003261

Decoding TREM2: A microglial receptor governing the fate of myelin

Zhang, Z., Zhang, W., Jin, L., Wei, C., Chen, H., 程相树, & Wei, J. (2026) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2026.112815

The role of microglia glucose metabolism reprogramming in Alzheimer's disease treatment

Cao, Q., Shen, M., Liu, Y., Li, C., Liu, L., Zhou, J., Yue, R., Niu, D., Ren, Y., Pan, L., et al. (2026) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877261478594

Novel therapies in Alzheimer’s disease

Pavăl, D., Căpățînă, O., & Stănculete, M. F. (2026) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2026.08.026

Unraveling shared immunotoxicological mechanisms linking exposure to PPCPs with Alzheimer’s disease and atherosclerosis: integrative multi-omics, network toxicology, and experimental validation

Chen, Z., Liu, T., Wang, J., Li, P., Yuan, H., Liu, Z., & Guo, J. (2026) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2026.110518

Tissue‐Resident Macrophage in Inflammation and Cancer

Huang, S., Fan, J., Liu, W., Liu, D., Wang, R., Wang, Y., Sun, J., Zhang, H., Cai, Q., Xu, Z., et al. (2026) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.70970

TREM2⁺ tumor-associated macrophages in cancer: Context-dependent biology, biomarkers, and precision immunotherapy

Guo, X., Yu, J., Lin, X., Qin, Z., & Ma, W. (2026) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2026.105596 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

TREM2-directed therapy in Alzheimer’s disease: from therapeutic window to clinical translation

Kuang, Q., Li, S., Huang, W., Kuang, N., Liu, T., Huang, N., Luo, Y., & Huang, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2026.1938062

To Regenerate or Degenerate: How Does Microglial TREM2 in the Spinal Cord Shape Outcomes after Peripheral Nerve Injury?

Rovere, M., & de Weerd, L. (2026) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1007-26.2026

Dysfunction of lipid metabolism and lysosomal capacity: at the core of microglial aging?

Šimončičová, E., & Tremblay, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2026.1884230

Spatiotemporal heterogeneity and dynamic evolution of microglial glucose metabolic reprogramming in Alzheimer's disease

Chen, Y., Li, F., Junlei, Z., 魏明清, 倪敬年, Li, T., Yao, L., Tian, J., & Shi, J. (2026) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.71909

Dynamic remodeling of microglial responses in Alzheimer’s disease: heterogeneous states, spatiotemporal progression, and immunometabolic dysregulation

Han, S., Wang, S., Liu, J., Liu, X., Wang, Q., & Meng, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2026.1929282

Preclinical and first-in-human evaluation of VG-3927/SAR448851, an oral small-molecule TREM2 agonist for Alzheimer’s disease

Dejanovic, B., Figley, M. D., Weisman, E. F., Kiragasi, B., Gergits, F. W., Larson, K., Renoux, A. J., Rajagovindan, R., Pandya, B. A., Houze, J. B., et al. (2026) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aec5740 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Supplementary data & code for "Early intervention anti-Aβ immunotherapy attenuates microglial activation without inducing exhaustion at residual plaques"

Sandmann, T. (2025) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.14812454

Reduced TREM2 activation in microglia of patients with Alzheimer's disease

Okuzono, Y., Sakuma, H., Miyakawa, S., Ifuku, M., Lee, J. H., Das, D., Banerjee, A., Zhao, Y., Yamamoto, K., Ando, T., et al. (2021) · FEBS Open Bio · doi:10.1002/2211-5463.13300 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

TREM2 Agonism Affects Human Microglia Response in the Presence of Amyloid Pathology In Vivo

Geric, I., Jendresen, C., Sans, L., Afrang, N., Misbaer, A., Nair, A. L., Dalby, M., Balice‐Gordon, R. J., Strooper, B. D., & Plath, N. (2023) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.074643

A locked immunometabolic switch underlies TREM2 R47H loss of function in human iPSC-derived microglia

Piers, T. M., Cosker, K., Mallach, A., Johnson, G. T., Guerreiro, R., Hardy, J., & Pocock, J. M. (2020) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201902447r · Cited by 135 · see citing works

TREM2 regulates microglial cholesterol metabolism upon chronic phagocytic challenge

Nugent, A. A., Lin, K., van Lengerich, B., Lianoglou, S., Przybyla, L., Davis, S. S., Llapashtica, C., Wang, J., Kim, D. J., Xia, D., et al. (2020) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.12.007 · Cited by 745 · see citing works

TREM2 fuels the anabolic adaptation required for microglial resilience in Alzheimer’s diseasePreprint

Gao, J., Lin, D., Atkinson, J., Chen, M., Jayasekara, S., & Segal, B. M. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8896508/v1