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A phosphorescent probe for in vivo imaging in the second near-infrared window
Abstract
In the second near-infrared spectral window (NIR-II; with wavelengths of 1,000-1,700 nm), in vivo fluorescence imaging can take advantage of reduced tissue autofluorescence and lower light absorption and scattering by tissue. Here, we report the development and in vivo application of a NIR-II phosphorescent probe that has lifetimes of hundreds of microseconds and a Stokes shift of 430 nm. The probe is made of glutathione-capped copper-indium-selenium nanotubes, and in acidic environments (pH 5.5-6.5) switches from displaying fluorescence to phosphorescence. In xenograft models of osteosarcoma and breast cancer, intravenous or intratumoral injections of the probe enabled phosphorescence imaging at signal-to-background ratios, spatial resolutions and sensitivities higher than NIR-II fluorescence imaging with polymer-stabilized copper-indium-sulfide nanorods. Phosphorescence imaging may offer superior imaging performance for a range of biomedical uses.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Chang, B., Li, D., Ren, Y., Qu, C., Shi, X., Liu, R., Liu, H., Tian, J., Hu, Z., Sun, T., & Cheng, Z.
- Affiliations
- Wuhan University of Technology (CN)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Northeastern University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Hu, Zhenhua
- Sun, Taolei
- Cheng, Zhen
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Biomedical Engineering
- Published
- 2021-08-12
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 629-639
- ISSN
- 2157-846X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3191365619
- Cited by
- 195
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 34
- FWCI
- 8.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Biomedical Engineering (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (51803161, 51533007, 61622117)
- DOE | Office of Science (DE-SC0008397)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Quantum Dots Synthesis And Properties
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Luminescence Properties of Advanced Materials
- Keywords
- phosphorescent probes, NIR-II imaging, second near-infrared window, glutathione capping, osteosarcoma, breast cancer, in vivo fluorescence imaging
- MeSH terms
- Copper, Humans, Indium, Luminescent Measurements, Nanotubes, Optical Imaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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