A one-billion-year-old multicellular chlorophyte
Open accessAbstract
Chlorophytes (representing a clade within the Viridiplantae and a sister group of the Streptophyta) probably dominated marine export bioproductivity and played a key role in facilitating ecosystem complexity before the Mesozoic diversification of phototrophic eukaryotes such as diatoms, coccolithophorans and dinoflagellates. Molecular clock and biomarker data indicate that chlorophytes diverged in the Mesoproterozoic or early Neoproterozoic, followed by their subsequent phylogenetic diversification, multicellular evolution and ecological expansion in the late Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic. This model, however, has not been rigorously tested with palaeontological data because of the scarcity of Proterozoic chlorophyte fossils. Here we report abundant millimetre-sized, multicellular and morphologically differentiated macrofossils from rocks approximately 1,000 million years ago. These fossils are described as Proterocladus antiquus new species and are interpreted as benthic siphonocladalean chlorophytes, suggesting that chlorophytes acquired macroscopic size, multicellularity and cellular differentiation nearly a billion years ago, much earlier than previously thought.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
More recent analyses have tended to resolve an older LECA, with ages closer to 1 Ga being less plausible on the basis of fossils from that period that can uncontroversially be assigned to crown Archaeplastida.
“More recent analyses have tended to resolve an older LECA, with ages closer to 1 Ga being less plausible on the basis of fossils from that period that can uncontroversially be assigned to crown Archaeplastida.”
From ATP synthase evolution on a cross-braced dated tree of life (2023) · cites this paper as [100]
The Discussion (page unavailable) describes a roughly one-billion-year-old fossil interpreted as a chlorophyte, which, if confirmed, would provide a minimum age for divergences within Archaeplastida. But it explicitly says that interpretation has been questioned, so the fossil cannot be described on this evidence as uncontroversially assigned. The paper discusses molecular-clock estimates for Archaeplastida, not a trend toward older estimates for LECA. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The Evolution of Modern Eukaryotic Phytoplankton
Falkowski, P. G., Katz, M. E., Knoll, A. H., Quigg, A., Raven, J. A., Schofield, O., & Taylor, F. J. R. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1095964 · Cited by 1,613 · see citing works
The timescale of early land plant evolution
Morris, J. L., Puttick, M. N., Clark, J., Edwards, D., Kenrick, P., Pressel, S., Wellman, C. H., Yang, Z., Schneider, H., & Donoghue, P. C. J. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1719588115 · Cited by 926 · see citing works
Phylogeny and Molecular Evolution of the Green Algae
Leliaert, F., Smith, D. R., Moreau, H., Herron, M. D., Verbruggen, H., Delwiche, C. F., & Clerck, O. D. (2012) · Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences · doi:10.1080/07352689.2011.615705 · Cited by 900 · see citing works
Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks
Parfrey, L. W., Lahr, D. J. G., Knoll, A. H., & Katz, L. A. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1110633108 · Cited by 899 · see citing works
The rise of algae in Cryogenian oceans and the emergence of animals
Brocks, J. J., Jarrett, A. J. M., Sirantoine, E., Hallmann, C., Hoshino, Y., & Liyanage, T. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature23457 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
The Number, Speed, and Impact of Plastid Endosymbioses in Eukaryotic Evolution
Keeling, P. J. (2013) · Annual Review of Plant Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-050312-120144 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Integrated genomic and fossil evidence illuminates life’s early evolution and eukaryote origin
Betts, H. C., Puttick, M. N., Clark, J. W., Williams, T. A., Donoghue, P. C. J., & Pisani, D. (2018) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0644-x · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Morphologie und Biologie der Algen
Oltmanns, F. (1922) · Fischer eBooks · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.44469 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Paleobiological Perspectives on Early Eukaryotic Evolution
Knoll, A. H. (2014) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a016121 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Confidence intervals on stratigraphic ranges
Marshall, C. R. (1990) · Paleobiology · doi:10.1017/s0094837300009672 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Paleobiology of the Neoproterozoic Svanbergfjellet Formation, Spitsbergen
Butterfield, N. J. F., Knoll, A. H., & Swett, K. (1994) · Lethaia · doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1994.tb01558.x · Cited by 316 · see citing works
A shale-hosted Cr isotope record of low atmospheric oxygen during the Proterozoic
Cole, D. B., Reinhard, C. T., Wang, X., Gueguen, B., Halverson, G. P., Gibson, T., Hodgskiss, M. S. W., McKenzie, N. R., Lyons, T. W., & Planavsky, N. J. (2016) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g37787.1 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Early photosynthetic eukaryotes inhabited low-salinity habitats
Sánchez-Baracaldo, P., Raven, J., Pisani, D., & Knoll, A. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.1620089114 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Bengtson, S., Sallstedt, T., Belivanova, V., & Whitehouse, M. (2017) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2000735 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Paleobiology of the Neoproterozoic Svanbergfjellet Formation, Spitsbergen
Butterfield, N. J. F., Knoll, A. H., & Swett, K. (1994) · Fossils and strata · doi:10.18261/8200376494-1994-01 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
The Geological Succession of Primary Producers in the Oceans
KNOLL, A. H., SUMMONS, R. E., WALDBAUER, J. R., & ZUMBERGE, J. E. (2007) · Evolution of Primary Producers in the Sea · doi:10.1016/b978-012370518-1/50009-6 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
18. A. Pascher: Über Flagellaten und Algen
(1914) · Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft · doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.1914.tb07573.x · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Early evolution of the Eukaryota
Butterfield, N. J. F. (2014) · Palaeontology · doi:10.1111/pala.12139 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Precise age of Bangiomorpha pubescens dates the origin of eukaryotic photosynthesis
Gibson, T. M., Shih, P. M., Cumming, V. M., Fischer, W. W., Crockford, P. W., Hodgskiss, M. S. W., Wörndle, S., Creaser, R. A., Rainbird, R. H., Skulski, T. M., et al. (2018) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g39829.1 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record
Berney, C., & Pawlowski, J. (2006) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Systematics of the Green Algae.
Graham, L. E., Irvine, D. E. G., & John, D. M. (1986) · Systematic Botany · doi:10.2307/2418940 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
The origins of multicellular organisms
Niklas, K. J., & Newman, S. A. (2013) · Evolution & Development · doi:10.1111/ede.12013 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Early fungi from the Proterozoic era in Arctic Canada
Loron, C., François, C., Rainbird, R., Turner, E., Borensztajn, S., & Javaux, E. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1217-0 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
A multi-locus time-calibrated phylogeny of the siphonous green algae
Verbruggen, H., Ashworth, M. P., LoDuca, S. T., Vlaeminck, C., Cocquyt, E., Sauvage, T., Zechman, F. W., Littler, D. S., Littler, M. M., & Leliaert, F. (2008) · Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.12.018 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Nuclear and Genome Dynamics in Multinucleate Ascomycete Fungi
Roper, M. L., Ellison, C., Taylor, J. W., & Glass, N. L. (2011) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.06.042 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Actualistic taphonomy of cyanobacteria; implications for the Precambrian fossil record
Bartley, J. K. (1996) · Palaios · doi:10.2307/3515192 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
The Weng'an biota and the Ediacaran radiation of multicellular eukaryotes
Xiao, S., Muscente, A. D., Chen, L., Zhou, C., Schiffbauer, J. D., Wood, A. D., Polys, N. F., & Yuan, X. (2014) · National Science Review · doi:10.1093/nsr/nwu061 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-citationGreen Algae and the Origins of Multicellularity in the Plant KingdomPreprint
Umen, J. (2014) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a016170 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
The terrestrial biota prior to the origin of land plants (embryophytes): a review of the evidence
Wellman, C. H., & Strother, P. K. (2015) · Palaeontology · doi:10.1111/pala.12172 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Shih, P. M., & Matzke, N. J. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1305813110 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Evolution and Cytological Diversification of the Green Seaweeds (Ulvophyceae)
Cocquyt, E., Verbruggen, H., Leliaert, F., & Clerck, O. D. (2010) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msq091 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Sterol and genomic analyses validate the sponge biomarker hypothesis
Gold, D. A., Grabenstatter, J., de Mendoza, A., Riesgo, A., Ruiz-Trillo, I., & Summons, R. E. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1512614113 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Neoproterozoic origin and multiple transitions to macroscopic growth in green seaweeds
Cortona, A. D., Jackson, C. J., Bucchini, F., Bel, M. V., D’hondt, S., Škaloud, P., Delwiche, C. F., Knoll, A. H., Raven, J. A., Verbruggen, H., et al. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1910060117 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Yang, D., Xu, W., Xu, Y., Wang, Q., Pei, F., & Wang, F. (2012) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2012.07.002 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Demosponge steroid biomarker 26-methylstigmastane provides evidence for Neoproterozoic animals
Zumberge, J. A., Love, G. D., Cárdenas, P., Sperling, E. A., Gunasekera, S., Rohrssen, M., Grosjean, E., Grotzinger, J. P., & Summons, R. E. (2018) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0676-2 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Zhang, S., Zhao, Y. J., Hao, Y., & Hu, G. (2015) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2015.11.005 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Proterozoic photosynthesis – a critical review
Butterfield, N. J. F. (2015) · Palaeontology · doi:10.1111/pala.12211 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Proterozoic phytoplankton and timing of Chlorophyte algae origins
Moczydłowska, M., Landing, E., Zang, W., & Palacios, T. (2011) · Palaeontology · doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01054.x · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Zhao, H., Zhang, S., Ding, J., Chang, L., Ren, Q., Li, H., Yang, T., & Wu, H. (2019) · Geological Society of America Bulletin · doi:10.1130/b35198.1 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Morphologie und biologie der algen
Oltmanns, F. (1904) · G. Fischer eBooks · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.1660 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Nagovitsin, K. E., Rogov, V. I., Marusin, V. V., Karlova, G. A., Kolesnikov, A. V., Bykova, N., & Grazhdankin, D. V. (2015) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2015.09.012 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
New phylogenetic hypotheses for the core Chlorophyta based on chloroplast sequence data
Fučíková, K., Leliaert, F., Cooper, E. D., Kaloud, P. Ĺ., D’hondt, S., Clerck, O. D., Gurgel, C. F. D., Lewis, L. A., Lewis, P. O., Lopez-Bautista, J. M., et al. (2014) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2014.00063 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Gueneli, N., Mckenna, A. M., Ohkouchi, N., Boreham, C. J., Beghin, J., Javaux, E., & Brocks, J. J. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1803866115 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Tang, Q., Pang, K., Xiao, S., Yuan, X., Ou, Z., & Wan, B. (2013) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2013.07.019 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationJackson, C., Knoll, A. H., Chan, C. X., & Verbruggen, H. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18805-w · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Parial, D., & Pal, R. (2014) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-014-0355-x · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Oxygen, animals and aquatic bioturbation: An updated account
Butterfield, N. J. (2018) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12267 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Cryogenian evolution of stigmasteroid biosynthesis
Hoshino, Y., Stroeva, A. R., Meredith, W., Snape, C. E., Poshibaev, V. V., Versteegh, G. J. M., Kuznetsov, N. B., Leider, A., van Maldegem, L. M., Neumann, M., et al. (2017) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700887 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationZumberge, J. A., Rocher, D., & Love, G. D. (2020) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12378 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Komárek, J., & Johansen, J. R. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-385876-4.00004-9 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Schuster, A., Vargas, S., Knapp, I. S. S., Pomponi, S. A., Toonen, R. J., Erpenbeck, D., & Wörheide, G. (2018) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/s12862-018-1230-1 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Xiao, S., & Tang, Q. (2018) · Emerging Topics in Life Sciences · doi:10.1042/etls20170165 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationPrimary Productivity of Marine Ecosystems
Bunt, J. S. (1975) · Ecological studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-80913-2_8 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Evolution of the Chlorophyta: Insights from chloroplast phylogenomic analyses
Fang, L., Leliaert, F., Zhang, Z., Penny, D., & Zhong, B. (2017) · Journal of Systematics and Evolution · doi:10.1111/jse.12248 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Ontogenetic diversity of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and related species
Willetts, H. J., & Wong, A. (1971) · Transactions of the British Mycological Society · doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(71)80066-9 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Morphogenesis in the red alga, Griffithsia pacifica: Regeneration from single cells
Duffield, E. C. S., Waaland, S. D., & Cleland, R. E. (1972) · Planta · doi:10.1007/bf00385390 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
A revision ofCladophoropsisBørgesen (Siphonocladales, Chlorophyta)
Leliaert, F., & Coppejans, E. (2006) · Phycologia · doi:10.2216/06-07.1 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Zhao, Z., Zhu, H., Liu, G., & Hu, Z. (2016) · Fottea · doi:10.5507/fot.2015.024 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Xu, H., Wang, Y., & Fu, Q. (2018) · Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology · doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2018.05.008 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A discovery of riphean heterotrophs in the Lakhanda group of Siberia
Hermann, T. N., & Podkovyrov, V. N. (2010) · Paleontological Journal · doi:10.1134/s0031030110040027 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Zhu, H., Zhao, Z., Liu, X., Song, H., Liu, G., & Hu, Z. (2018) · Phycologia · doi:10.2216/16-33.1 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Zhao, Z., Zhu, H., Hu, Z., & Liu, G. (2014) · Phytotaxa · doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.166.4.3 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Nowak, H., Harvey, T. H. P., Liu, H. P., McKay, R. M., Zippi, P., Campbell, D. H., & Servais, T. (2017) · Geobios · doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2017.06.005 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Tsutsui, I., Miyoshi, T., Sukchai, H., Pinphoo, P., Aue-umneoy, D., Meeanan, C., Songphatkaew, J., Klomkling, S., Yamaguchi, I., Ganmanee, M., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124997 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Okuda, K., Sekida, S., Hasebe, A., Iwabuchi, M., Kamiya, M., & Hishinuma, T. (2016) · Phycological Research · doi:10.1111/pre.12139 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Digging deeper: why we need more Proterozoic algal fossils and how to get them
Graham, L. (2018) · Journal of Phycology · doi:10.1111/jpy.12790 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Akinete Formation in Vaucheria geminata
Randhawa, M. S. (1942) · Botanical Gazette · doi:10.1086/335099 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Collins, A. G. (2000) · doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- [4]Knoll AH, Summons RE, Waldbauer JR & Zumberge JE in Evolution of Primary Producers in the Sea (eds Falkowski Paul G.& Knoll Andrew H.) 133–163 (Academic Press, 2007).
- [35]Hermann TN Filamentous microorganisms in the Lakhanda Formation on the Maya River. Paleontol. J 1981(2), 100– 107 (1981).
- [40]Fryxell GA Survival Strategies of the Algae. 144 (Cambrian University Press, 1983).
- [41]Komárek J. & Johansen JR in Freshwater Algae of North America (Second Edition) (eds Wehr John D., Sheath Robert G., & Kociolek J. Patrick) 135– 235 (Academic Press, 2015).
- [47]Deacon J. Fungal Biology 4th edition. 371 (Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 1997).
- [64]Bunt JS in Primary Productivity of the Biosphere (eds Lieth H. & Whittaker RH) 169–183 (Springer, 1975).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Strassert, J. F. H., Irisarri, I., Williams, T. A., & Burki, F. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22044-z · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Cyanobacteria and biogeochemical cycles through Earth history
Sánchez-Baracaldo, P., Bianchini, G., Wilson, J. D., & Knoll, A. H. (2022) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2021.05.008 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Oxygenation, Life, and the Planetary System during Earth's Middle History: An Overview
Lyons, T. W., Diamond, C. W., Planavsky, N. J., Reinhard, C. T., & Li, C. (2021) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2020.2418 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
“…to 1.6 Ga stem eukaryote remains (Zhu et al., 2016), and emergence of the crown group, expressed in simple multicellular red algae, is placed at *1.05 Ga (Butterfield, 2000; Gibson et al., 2018) and more recently with reports of macroscopic multicellular green algae at *1.0 Ga (Tang et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialHarris, B. J., Clark, J. W., Schrempf, D., Szöllősi, G. J., Donoghue, P. C. J., Hetherington, A. M., & Williams, T. A. (2022) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01885-x · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Sedimentary Ce anomalies: Secular change and implications for paleoenvironmental evolution
Zhang, K., & Shields, G. (2022) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104015 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Eukaryogenesis and oxygen in Earth history
Mills, D. B., Boyle, R. A., Daines, S. J., Sperling, E. A., Pisani, D., Donoghue, P. C. J., & Lenton, T. M. (2022) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01733-y · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Lost world of complex life and the late rise of the eukaryotic crown
Brocks, J. J., Nettersheim, B. J., Adam, P., Schaeffer, P., Jarrett, A. J. M., Güneli, N., Liyanage, T., van Maldegem, L. M., Hallmann, C., & Hope, J. M. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06170-w · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Progress towards an improved Precambrian seawater 87Sr/86Sr curve
Chen, X., Zhou, Y., & Shields, G. (2021) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103869 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Su, D., Yang, L., Shi, X., Ma, X., Zhou, X., Hedges, S. B., & Zhong, B. (2021) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msab106 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Genomic and fossil windows into the secret lives of the most ancient fungi
Berbee, M. L., Strullu‐Derrien, C., Delaux, P., Strother, P. K., Kenrick, P., Selosse, M., & Taylor, J. W. (2020) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-020-0426-8 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
The origin and early evolution of plants
Bowles, A. M. C., Williamson, C. J., Williams, T. A., Lenton, T. M., & Donoghue, P. C. J. (2022) · Trends in Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2022.09.009 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
ATP synthase evolution on a cross-braced dated tree of life
Mahendrarajah, T. A., Moody, E. R. R., Schrempf, D., Szánthó, L. L., Dombrowski, N., Davín, A. A., Pisani, D., Donoghue, P. C. J., Szöllősi, G. J., Williams, T. A., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-42924-w · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Bykova, N., LoDuca, S. T., Ye, Q., Marusin, V. V., Grazhdankin, D. V., & Xiao, S. (2020) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105875 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationCryptic terrestrial fungus-like fossils of the early Ediacaran Period
Gan, T., Luo, T., Pang, K., Zhou, C., Zhou, G., Wan, B., Li, G., Yi, Q., Czaja, A. D., & Xiao, S. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-20975-1 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationOrganic carbon cycling and black shale deposition: an Earth System Science perspective
Jin, Z., Wang, X., Wang, H., Ye, Y., & Zhang, S. (2023) · National Science Review · doi:10.1093/nsr/nwad243 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Peña, V., Vieira, C., Braga, J. C., Aguirre, J., Rösler, A., Baele, G., Clerck, O. D., & Gall, L. L. (2020) · Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106845 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
COHEN, P. A., & Kodner, R. B. (2021) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2021.11.005 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Green land: Multiple perspectives on green algal evolution and the earliest land plants
McCourt, R. M., Lewis, L. A., Strother, P. K., Delwiche, C. F., Wickett, N. J., de Vries, J., & Bowman, J. L. (2023) · American Journal of Botany · doi:10.1002/ajb2.16175 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Domains and Major Transitions of Social Evolution
Boomsma, J. J. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198746171.001.0001 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
1.63-billion-year-old multicellular eukaryotes from the Chuanlinggou Formation in North China
Miao, L., Yin, Z., Knoll, A. H., Qu, Y., & Zhu, M. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adk3208 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
North China craton: The conjugate margin for northwestern Laurentia in Rodinia
Ding, J., Zhang, S., Evans, D. A. D., Yang, T., Li, H., Wu, H., & Chen, J. (2021) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g48483.1 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Duarte, G. T., Volkova, P., Pérez, F. F., & Horemans, N. (2023) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants12051178 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Hydrogen Sulfide Signaling in Plants
Huang, J., & Xie, Y. (2023) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2023.0267 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Hou, Z., Ma, X., Shi, X., Li, X., Yang, L., Xiao, S., Clerck, O. D., Leliaert, F., & Zhong, B. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-29282-9 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationQuantifying the global biodiversity of Proterozoic eukaryotes
Tang, Q., Zheng, W., Zhang, S., Fan, J., Riedman, L. A., Hou, X., Muscente, A. D., Bykova, N., Sadler, P. M., Wang, X., et al. (2024) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adm9137 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationA template for an improved rock-based subdivision of the pre-Cryogenian timescale
Shields, G., Strachan, R. A., Porter, S. M., Halverson, G. P., Macdonald, F. A., Plumb, K. A., de Alvarenga, C. J. S., Banerjee, D. M., Bekker, A., Bleeker, W., et al. (2021) · Journal of the Geological Society · doi:10.1144/jgs2020-222 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, Z., Ma, X., Wang, Q., Tian, X., Sun, J., Zhang, Z., Xiao, S., Clerck, O. D., Leliaert, F., & Zhong, B. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-41137-5 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, G., Chen, L., Pang, K., Zhou, G., Han, C., Yang, L., Lv, W., Wu, C., Wang, W., & Yang, F. (2020) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105801 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationEvidence for a Syncytial Origin of Eukaryotes from Ancestral State Reconstruction
Skejo, J., Garg, S. G., Gould, S. B., Hendriksen, M., Tria, F. D. K., Bremer, N., Franjević, D., Blackstone, N. W., & Martin, W. F. (2021) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evab096 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Cellular organization in lab-evolved and extant multicellular species obeys a maximum entropy law
Day, T. C., Höhn, S. S., Zamani-Dahaj, S. A., Yanni, D., Burnetti, A., Pentz, J. T., Honerkamp‐Smith, A. R., Wioland, H., Sleath, H. R., Ratcliff, W. C., et al. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.72707 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Cryogenian Origins of Multicellularity in Archaeplastida
Bowles, A. M. C., Williamson, C. J., Williams, T. A., & Donoghue, P. C. J. (2024) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evae026 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Origin and evolution of green plants in the light of key evolutionary events
Zhang, Z., Ma, X., Liu, Y., Yang, L., Shi, X., Wang, H., Diao, R., & Zhong, B. (2022) · Journal of Integrative Plant Biology · doi:10.1111/jipb.13224 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Intracellular bound chlorophyll residues identify 1 Gyr-old fossils as eukaryotic algae
Sforna, M.-C., Loron, C., Demoulin, C., François, C., Cornet, Y., Lara, Y. J., Grolimund, D., Sánchez, D. F., Medjoubi, K., Somogyi, A., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27810-7 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Aluminosilicate haloes preserve complex life approximately 800 million years ago
Anderson, R. P., Tosca, N., Cinque, G., Frogley, M., Lekkas, I., Akey, A., Hughes, G., Bergmann, K., Knoll, A., & Briggs, D. (2020) · Interface Focus · doi:10.1098/rsfs.2020.0011 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Little, J. C., Kaaronen, R. O., Hukkinen, J., Xiao, S., Sharpee, T. O., Farid, A. M., Nilchiani, R., & Barton, C. M. (2023) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.2c06203 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationA late Ediacaran ice age: The key node in the Earth system evolution
Wang, R., Yin, Z., & Shen, B. (2023) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104610 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Loron, C., Halverson, G. P., Rainbird, R. H., Skulski, T., Turner, E. C., & Javaux, E. (2021) · Journal of Paleontology · doi:10.1017/jpa.2021.45 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
García‐Pichel, F., & Belnap, J. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820202-9.00007-1 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
New multicellular marine macroalgae from the early Tonian of northwestern Canada
Maloney, K. M., Halverson, G. P., Schiffbauer, J. D., Xiao, S., Gibson, T. M., Lechte, M. A., Cumming, V. M., Millikin, A. E. G., Murphy, J. G., Wallace, M. W., et al. (2021) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g48508.1 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationResurrected Rubisco suggests uniform carbon isotope signatures over geologic time
Kędzior, M., Garcia, A. K., Li, M., Taton, A., Adam, Z. R., Young, J. N., & Kaçar, B. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110726 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
A benthic oxygen oasis in the early Neoproterozoic ocean
Wang, H., Liu, A., Li, C., Feng, Q., Tang, S., Cheng, M., & Algeo, T. J. (2021) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2020.106085 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Frameworks for Interpreting the Early Fossil Record of Eukaryotes
Porter, S. M., & Riedman, L. A. (2023) · Annual Review of Microbiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-032421-113254 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Bioactives From Brown Algae: Antioxidant, Anti‐Inflammatory, Anticancer, and Antimicrobial Potential
Fonseca‐Barahona, I., Shahbaz, K., & Baroutian, S. (2025) · ChemBioEng Reviews · doi:10.1002/cben.70007 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Zhang, Z., Peng, P., Feng, L., Gong, Z., Mitchell, R. N., & Li, Y. (2021) · Gondwana Research · doi:10.1016/j.gr.2021.01.013 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Tang, Q., Pang, K., Li, G., Chen, L., Yuan, X., & Xiao, S. (2021) · Gondwana Research · doi:10.1016/j.gr.2021.05.008 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Proterozoic macrofossil Tawuia as a coenocytic eukaryote and a possible macroalga
Tang, Q., Pang, K., Li, G., Chen, L., Yuan, X., Шарма, М., & Xiao, S. (2021) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110485 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Nonesuch Formation Lagerstätte: a rare window into freshwater life one billion years ago
Strother, P. K., & Wellman, C. H. (2020) · Journal of the Geological Society · doi:10.1144/jgs2020-133 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Zhang, S., Cao, R., Lan, Z., Li, Z., Zhao, Z., Wan, B., Guan, C., & Yuan, X. (2022) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2022.106562 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationPorfírio‐Sousa, A. L., Tice, A. K., Morais, L., Ribeiro, G. M., Blandenier, Q., Dumack, K., Eglit, Y., Fry, N. W., Souza, M. B. G. E., Henderson, T. C., et al. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2319628121 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Geological alteration of Precambrian steroids mimics early animal signatures
van Maldegem, L. M., Nettersheim, B. J., Leider, A., Brocks, J. J., Adam, P., Schaeffer, P., & Hallmann, C. (2020) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-020-01336-5 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Adaptation to a Viscous Snowball Earth Ocean as a Path to Complex Multicellularity
Simpson, C. (2021) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/716634 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Non-pollen palynomorphs in deep time: unravelling the evolution of early eukaryotes
Agić, H., & COHEN, P. A. (2021) · Geological Society London Special Publications · doi:10.1144/sp511-2020-223 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Screening and verification of extranuclear genetic markers in green tide algae from the Yellow Sea
Cai, C., Gu, K., Zhao, H., Steinhagen, S., He, P., & Wichard, T. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250968 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Zhao, H., Zhang, S., Ren, W., Ding, J., Yang, K., Li, H., Yang, T., Wu, H., & Chen, J. (2022) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2022.106807 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Li, D., Luo, G., Tang, Q., She, Z., & Xiao, S. (2023) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2023.107104 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationPang, K., Tang, Q., Wan, B., & Yuan, X. (2020) · Palaeoworld · doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2020.02.003 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, D., Luo, G., Yang, H., She, Z., Papineau, D., & Li, C. (2022) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2022.106726 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Fakhraee, M., Tarhan, L. G., Reinhard, C. T., Crowe, S. A., Lyons, T. W., & Planavsky, N. J. (2023) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104398 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Origin and Early Evolution of the Eukaryotes: Perspectives from the Fossil Record
Agić, H. (2021) · Advances in astrobiology and biogeophysics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81039-9_11 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Phylogenomic analysis restructures the ulvophyceae
Gulbrandsen, Ø. S., Andresen, I., Krabberød, A., Bråte, J., & Shalchian-Tabrizi, K. (2021) · Journal of Phycology · doi:10.1111/jpy.13168 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Systematic paleontology of macroalgal fossils from the Tonian Mackenzie Mountains Supergroup
Maloney, K. M., Maverick, D. P., Schiffbauer, J. D., Halverson, G. P., Xiao, S., & Laflamme, M. (2023) · Journal of Paleontology · doi:10.1017/jpa.2023.4 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationEdiacaran algal cysts from the Doushantuo Formation, South China
Moczydłowska, M., & Liu, P. (2021) · Geological Magazine · doi:10.1017/s0016756820001405 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Neoproterozoic Earth-life system
Tang, Q., Cui, H., & Zhang, F. (2021) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2021.106486 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationMesoproterozoic Molar Tooth Structure Related to Increased Marine Oxygenation
Tang, D., Fang, H., Shi, X., Liang, L., Zhou, L., Xie, B., Huang, K., Zhou, X., Wu, M., & Riding, R. (2023) · Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences · doi:10.1029/2022jg007077 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Goodson, H. V., Kelley, J. B., & Brawley, S. (2021) · Bioessays · doi:10.1002/bies.202000278 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Precambrian Earth: Co-evolution of life and geodynamics
Westall, F., & Xiao, S. (2024) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2024.107589 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationPreservation of early Tonian macroalgal fossils from the Dolores Creek Formation, Yukon
Maloney, K. M., Schiffbauer, J., Halverson, G., Xiao, S., & Laflamme, M. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10223-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationChai, S., Aria, C., & Hua, H. (2022) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-022-01394-0 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Ecology and evolution of algal–fungal symbioses
Bonito, G. M. (2024) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2024.102452 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The role of clay minerals in the preservation of Precambrian organic‐walled microfossils
Woltz, C., Anderson, R. P., Tosca, N., & Porter, S. (2023) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12573 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Liu, J., Zhang, Y., Shi, X., Chen, A., Tang, D., & Yang, T. (2023) · Palaeontology · doi:10.1111/pala.12685 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Evolution of the iodine cycle and the late stabilization of the Earth’s ozone layer
Liu, J., Hardisty, D. S., Kasting, J. F., Fakhraee, M., & Planavsky, N. J. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2412898121 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Early eukaryote diversity: a review and a reinterpretation
Porter, S. M., Riedman, L. A., Woltz, C. R., Gold, D. A., & Kellogg, J. B. (2025) · Paleobiology · doi:10.1017/pab.2024.33 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Jing, Y., Chen, Z., Anderson, R. P., Wang, X., Zemin, Z., & Feng, X. (2022) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2022.106899 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Li, G., Chen, L., Pang, K., Tang, Q., Wu, C., Yuan, X., Zhou, C., & Xiao, S. (2023) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-023-04740-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationLindsey, C. R., Knoll, A. H., Herron, M. D., & Rosenzweig, F. (2024) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-024-01878-1 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Zhang, F., Wang, H., Ye, Y., Deng, Y., Lyu, Y., Wang, X., Yu, Z., Lyu, D., Lu, Y., Zhou, C., et al. (2021) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110449 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The evolutionary conservation of eukaryotic membrane-bound adenylyl cyclase isoforms
Schultz, J. E. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.1009797 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A diverse Palaeoproterozoic microbial ecosystem implies early eukaryogenesis
Javaux, E. (2025) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2024.0092 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Why a new volume on non-pollen palynomorphs?
O’Keefe, J. M. K., Marret, F., Osterloff, P. L., Pound, M. J., & Сергеевна, Ш. Л. (2021) · Geological Society London Special Publications · doi:10.1144/sp511-2021-83 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Evolution and diversification of the nuclear envelope
Padilla-Mejía, N. E., Makarov, A. A., Barlow, L. D., Butterfield, E. R., & Field, M. C. (2021) · Nucleus · doi:10.1080/19491034.2021.1874135 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Did high temperature rather than low O2 hinder the evolution of eukaryotes in the Precambrian?
Zhang, F., Wang, H., Ye, Y., Liu, Y., Lyu, Y., Deng, Y., Lyu, D., Wang, X., Wu, H., Deng, S., et al. (2022) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2022.106755 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Impact of steroid biosynthesis on the aerobic adaptation of eukaryotes
Hoshino, Y., & Gaucher, E. A. (2024) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12612 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Proterozoic microfossils continue to provide new insights into the rise of complex eukaryotic life
Anderson, R. P., Mughal, S., & Wedlake, G. O. (2024) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.240154 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Han, C., Chen, L., Li, G., Pang, K., Wang, W., Zhou, G., Yang, L., Lyu, W.-G., Wang, K., Zhong, Z., et al. (2020) · Palaeoworld · doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2020.06.007 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationThe origin and early evolution of complex organisms
Yuan, X., Pang, K., Tang, Q., Li, G., Xiao, S., Zhou, C., Chen, Z., Chen, L., Wan, B., Wang, W., et al. (2022) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/tb-2022-0804 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, K., Miao, L., Zhao, F., & Zhu, M. (2023) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2023.107074 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Duda, J., König, H., Reinhardt, M., Shuvalova, J. V., & Parkhaev, P. Y. (2021) · Paläontologische Zeitschrift · doi:10.1007/s12542-021-00593-4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Zheng, W., Tang, Q., Xiao, S., Pang, K., Kang, J., Li, G., Zhou, C., Yuan, X., & Wan, B. (2023) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2023.107130 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, T., Xiao, Y., Wang, Y., Kuang, H., Murphy, J. G., Shan, E., Jiang, L., Ye, X., Sun, H., & Gu, H. (2024) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2024.122040 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ma, X., Shi, X., Wang, Q., Zhao, M., Zhang, Z., & Zhong, B. (2023) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evad142 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Tang, D., Zhou, H., Jiang, G., Shi, X., Li, X., Wang, L., Xu, L., Sun, L., Xie, B., Zhou, L., et al. (2025) · Geological Society of America Bulletin · doi:10.1130/b37943.1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ecosystem relocation on Snowball Earth: Polar−alpine ancestry of the extant surface biosphere?
Hoffman, P. F. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2414059122 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Precambrian and early Cambrian palaeobiology of India: Quo Vadis
Шарма, М., Singh, V. K., Pandey, S. K., Ansari, A. H., Shukla, Y., Ahmad, S., Kumar, Y., & Singh, D. (2021) · Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy · doi:10.1007/s43538-021-00029-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Li, R., Cui, L., Fu, D., & Zhang, X. (2022) · Journal of Systematics and Evolution · doi:10.1111/jse.12942 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Zheng, Y., Tang, Q., Liu, P., Sun, J., Yao, X., Hao, W., Yang, X., Guo, J., Uesugi, K., Komiya, T., et al. (2021) · Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences · doi:10.1029/2020jg006102 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationDeShaw, A. E., Figueroa-Martínez, F., Pröschold, T., Lorenz, M., Nedelcu, A., Smith, D., & Reyes-Prieto, A. (2022) · Plant Direct · doi:10.1002/pld3.454 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Qin, S., Dong, L., Liu, X., Tang, F., & Liu, H. (2023) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2023.107076 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Maloney, K. M., Halverson, G. P., Lechte, M. A., Gibson, T. M., Bui, T. H., Schiffbauer, J. D., & Laflamme, M. (2024) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12598 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Problematic tubular fossils from the Portfjeld Formation (Ediacaran) of North Greenland
Willman, S., & Peel, J. S. (2022) · Journal of Paleontology · doi:10.1017/jpa.2022.43 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Tang, Q., Pang, K., Yuan, X., & Xiao, S.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Tech (US)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Tang, Qing
- Xiao, Shuhai
- Venue
- Nature Ecology & Evolution
- Published
- 2020-02-24
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 543-549
- ISSN
- 2397-334X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8668152
- OpenAlex
- W3008173880
- Cited by
- 186
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 11
- FWCI
- 16.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Ecology & Evolution (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (41602007)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC18K1086)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protist diversity and phylogeny
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant Diversity and Evolution
- Keywords
- Chlorophyta, evolution of multicellularity, benthic algae, cell differentiation, molecular clock, Neoproterozoic, Paleozoic
- MeSH terms
- Fossils, Phylogeny, Diatoms, Ecosystem
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review