Mapping the deforestation footprint of nations reveals growing threat to tropical forests
Abstract
Deforestation, a significant threat to biodiversity, is accelerated by global demand for commodities. Although prior literature has linked deforestation to global supply chains, here we provide a fine-scale representation of spatial patterns of deforestation associated with international trade. Using remote sensing data and a multi-region input-output model, we quantify and map the spatiotemporal changes in global deforestation footprints over 15 years (2001-2015) at a 30-m resolution. We find that, while many developed countries, China and India have obtained net forest gains domestically, they have also increased the deforestation embodied in their imports, of which tropical forests are the most threatened biome. Consumption patterns of G7 countries drive an average loss of 3.9 trees per person per year. Some of the hotspots of deforestation embodied in international trade are also biodiversity hotspots, such as in Southeast Asia, Madagascar, Liberia, Central America and the Amazonian rainforest. Our results emphasize the need to reform zero-deforestation policies through strong transnational efforts and by improving supply chain transparency, public-private engagement and financial support for the tropics.
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Anthropogenic activities, including fossil fuel use, deforestation, and land-use change, have increased atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations and caused global climate change.
“These eco-unfriendly practices are the root causes of the increased emissions of anthropogenic sources of global greenhouse gases (GHGs), the primary drivers of climate change.”
From Technologies and perspectives for achieving carbon neutrality (2021) · cites this paper as [6]
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- Authors
- Hoang, N. T., & Kanemoto, K.
- Affiliations
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (JP)
- Venue
- Nature Ecology & Evolution
- Published
- 2021-03-29
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 845-853
- ISSN
- 2397-334X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3143824118
- Cited by
- 359
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 23
- FWCI
- 24.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Ecology & Evolution (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (Project No. 14200135)
- MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (18KT0004)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Oil Palm Production and Sustainability
- Keywords
- deforestation, tropical forests, international trade, commodity demand, biodiversity hotspots, supply chain transparency, multi-regional input-output model, spatiotemporal mapping, Amazon rainforest
- MeSH terms
- Central America, China, Commerce, Conservation of Natural Resources, Humans, India, Madagascar, Internationality, Forests
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