Deforestation displaced: trade in forest-risk commodities and the prospects for a global forest transition
Open accessAbstract
While many developed countries are increasing their forest cover, deforestation is still rife in the tropics and subtropics. With international trade in forest-risk commodities on the rise, it is becoming increasingly important to consider between-country trade linkages in assessing the drivers of—and possible connections between—forest loss and gain across countries. Previous studies have shown that countries that have undergone a forest transition (and are now increasing their forest cover) tend to displace land use outside their borders. However, lack of comprehensive data on deforestation drivers imply that it has not been possible to ascertain whether this has accelerated forest loss in sourcing countries. To remedy this, we present a land-balance model that quantifies deforestation embodied in production of agricultural and forestry commodities at country level across the tropics and subtropics, subsequently tracing embodied deforestation to countries of apparent consumption using a physical, country-to-country trade model. We find that in the period 2005–2013, 62% (5.5 Mha yr −1 ) of forest loss could be attributed to expanding commercial cropland, pastures and tree plantations. The commodity groups most commonly associated with deforestation were cattle meat, forestry products, oil palm, cereals and soybeans, though variation between countries and regions was large. A large (26%) and slightly increasing share of deforestation was attributed to international demand, the bulk of which (87%) was exported to countries that either exhibit decreasing deforestation rates or increasing forest cover (late- or post-forest transition countries), particularly in Europe and Asia (China, India, and Russia). About a third of the net forest gains in post-forest transition countries was in this way offset by imports of commodities causing deforestation elsewhere, suggesting that achieving a global forest transition will be substantially more challenging than achieving national or regional ones.
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Beef, soybeans, palm oil, and timber are considered the 'big four' of forest-risk commodities.
“Beef, soybeans, palm oil, and timber are considered the “big four” of forest-risk commodities (Walker et al., 2013;Pendrill et al., 2019).”
From Making deforestation risk visible. Discourses on bovine leather supply chain in Brazil (2020) · cites this paper as Pendrill et al., 2019
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- Authors
- Pendrill, F., Persson, U. M., Godar, J., & Kastner, T.
- Affiliations
- Chalmers University of Technology (SE)
- Stockholm Environment Institute (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Persson, U Martin
- Venue
- Environmental Research Letters
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2019-05-01
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 055003
- ISSN
- 1748-9326 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2921450810
- Cited by
- 381
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 4 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 19.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Research Letters (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (The Trase.earth program)
- Naturvårdsverket (Environmental Research Appropriation 1:5)
- Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas (2016-00351)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Forest Management and Policy
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Keywords
- deforestation, forest transition, forest-risk commodities, international trade, land use change, forest cover change, tropical and subtropical forests, cattle meat, oil palm, forest plantations
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