The DOI matches its Crossref record; 223 of the 223 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The intestine as an endocrine organ and the role of gut hormones in metabolic regulation
Abstract
Gut hormones orchestrate pivotal physiological processes in multiple metabolically active tissues, including the pancreas, liver, adipose tissue, gut and central nervous system, making them attractive therapeutic targets in the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Most gut hormones are derived from enteroendocrine cells, but bioactive peptides that are derived from other intestinal epithelial cell types have also been implicated in metabolic regulation and can be considered gut hormones. A deeper understanding of the complex inter-organ crosstalk mediated by the intestinal endocrine system is a prerequisite for designing more effective drugs that are based on or target gut hormones and their receptors, and extending their therapeutic potential beyond obesity and diabetes mellitus. In this Review, we present an overview of gut hormones that are involved in the regulation of metabolism and discuss their action in the gastrointestinal system and beyond.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The central ghrelin signaling plays a pivotal role in diverse physiological functions, including the regulation of food intake, hippocampal synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis, anxiety, depression, and cognitive function.”
From Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [544]
In the citing paper
“GLP-1 is an incretin hormone produced by the EECs in response to ingested nutrients to stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion and suppress appetite.”
From Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [544]
Citations
Cites
Items 201–223 of 223
Góralska, J., Raźny, U., Polus, A., Dziewońska, A., Gruca, A., Zdzienicka, A., Dembinska-Kiec, A., Solnica, B., Micek, A., Kapusta, M., et al. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12020476 · Cited by 26
Beck, B., & Max, J. (1986) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf02427284 · Cited by 25
Lewis, J. E., Woodward, O. R. M., Nuzzaci, D., Smith, C. A., Adriaenssens, A. E., Billing, L., Brighton, C. A., Phillips, B. U., Tadross, J. A., Kinston, S., et al. (2022) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101604 · Cited by 24
Self-citationCircadian Variation of Serotonin Levels in Human Blood
Sauerbier, I., & Mayersbach, H. (1976) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/s-0028-1095603 · Cited by 23
Intranigral microinjection of neurotensin suppresses feeding in food deprived rats
Vaughn, A. W., Baumeister, A., Hawkins, H. K., & Anticich, T. G. (1990) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/0028-3908(90)90147-j · Cited by 18
Meal‐related oscillations in the serum serotonin levels in healthy young men
Kwon, O., Yu, J. H., Jeong, E., Yoo, H. J., & Kim, M. (2018) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.13545 · Cited by 18
Gastrointestinal peptides and regulation of gastric acid secretion
von Rosenvinge, E. C., & Raufman, J. (2010) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0b013e32833304e1 · Cited by 17
Koo, A., Pustovit, R. V., Woodward, O. R. M., Lewis, J. E., Gribble, F. M., Hossain, M. A., Reimann, F. M., & Furness, J. B. (2022) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-022-03635-8 · Cited by 16
Self-citationTirzepatide adds hepatoprotection to its armoury
Targher, G. (2022) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00074-2 · Cited by 15
Dye, F. S., Larraufie, P., Kay, R. G., Darwish, T., Rievaj, J., Goldspink, D. A., Meek, C. L., Middleton, S. J., Hardwick, R. H., Roberts, G. P., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-52049-0 · Cited by 14
Self-citationBeumer, J., Bauzá‐Martinez, J., Veth, T. S., Geurts, V., Boot, C., Gilliam‐Vigh, H., Poulsen, S. S., Knop, F. K., Wu, W., & Clevers, H. C. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2212057119 · Cited by 14
A variant of FGF19 for treatment of disorders of cholestasis and bile acid metabolism.
Walters, J. R. F., & Appleby, R. (2015) · PubMed Central · doi:10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.03.38 · Cited by 13
Chemosensing in enteroendocrine cells: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities
Yang, M. H., Reimann, F. M., & Gribble, F. M. (2021) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000614 · Cited by 13
Self-citationInsulin-like peptide 5 fails to improve metabolism or body weight in obese mice
Zaykov, A. N., Gelfanov, V. M., Pérez–Tilve, D., Finan, B., & DiMarchi, R. D. (2019) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170116 · Cited by 13
Glucagon like‐peptide 1 receptor and the liver
Pedersen, J., & Holst, J. J. (2011) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02626.x · Cited by 12
Rappaport, J. A., & Waldman, S. A. (2020) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2020.1826304 · Cited by 12
The Enteroendocrine System in Obesity
Miedzybrodzka, E. L., Reimann, F. M., & Gribble, F. M. (2022) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2022_582 · Cited by 12
Self-citationRatner, C., Shin, J. H., Dwibedi, C. K., Tremaroli, V., Bjerregaard, A., Hartmann, B., Bäckhed, F., Leinninger, G. M., Seeley, R. J., & Holst, B. (2021) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqab130 · Cited by 7
GIPR Agonism Inhibits PYY-Induced Nausea-Like Behavior
Samms, R. J., Cosgrove, R., Snider, B. M., Furber, E. C., Droz, B. A., Briere, D. A., Dunbar, J. D., Dogra, M., Alsina‐Fernandez, J., Borner, T., et al. (2022) · doi:10.2337/figshare.19601518.v1 · Cited by 7
Enrichment of Motilin Receptor Loss-of-Function Variants in Gastroparesis
Smieszek, S. P., Carlin, J. L., Xiao, C., Birznieks, G., Polymeropoulos, C. M., & Polymeropoulos, M. H. (2022) · Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology · doi:10.14309/ctg.0000000000000474 · Cited by 6
The GIPR is Predominantly Localized to Non-Adipocyte Cell Types Within White Adipose Tissue
Campbell, J. E., Beaudry, J. L., Svendsen, B., Baggio, L. L., Gordon, A. N., Ussher, J. R., Wong, C. K., Gribble, F. M., D’Alessio, D. A., Reimann, F. M., et al. (2022) · doi:10.2337/figshare.19184462 · Cited by 6
Self-citationElucidating the Role of Peripheral Neurotensin in Appetite Control
Izaguirre, M., Catalán, V., & Frühbeck, G. (2016) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2016-1542 · Cited by 4
Rehfeld, J. F. (2016) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27318-1_19-1 · Cited by 4
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Miedzybrodzka, E. L., Reimann, F. & Gribble, F. M. in From Obesity to Diabetes (eds Eckel, J. & Clément, K.) 109–129 (Springer, 2022). · DOI
- Mawe, G. M. Nerves and hormones interact to control gallbladder function. N. Physiol. Sci. 13, 84–90 (1998).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases
Loh, J. S., Mak, W. Q., Tan, L. K. S., Ng, C. X., Chan, H. H., Yeow, S. H., Foo, J. B., Ong, Y. S., How, C. W., & Khaw, K. Y. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01743-1 · Cited by 1,193
Integrative metabolism in MASLD and MASH: Pathophysiology and emerging mechanisms
Steinberg, G. R., Valvano, C. M., De Nardo, W., & Watt, M. J. (2025) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2025.02.033 · Cited by 240
Cai, T., Wang, Y., Zhao, F., Ma, Z., Kumar, P., Xie, H., Sun, C., Wang, J., Li, Q., Guo, Y., et al. (2024) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.202400569 · Cited by 104
Bile acid metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Sandoval, M. C., & Haeusler, R. A. (2025) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-024-01067-8 · Cited by 54
Bitter taste receptors as sensors of gut luminal contents
Sternini, C., & Rozengurt, E. (2024) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-024-01005-z · Cited by 64
“by goblet cells and of antimicrobial peptides that regulate the gut microbiota by Paneth cells 40–42 .”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Bany Bakar, R., Reimann, F., & Gribble, F. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Gribble, Fiona M.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
- Published
- 2023-08-25
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 784-796
- ISSN
- 1759-5045 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-5053
- OpenAlex
- W4386168026
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 223
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 5.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (220271/Z/20/Z)
- Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00014/3)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (1799260)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- gastrointestinal hormones, enteroendocrine cells, metabolic regulation, obesity, type 2 diabetes, organ crosstalk, digestive physiology, bioactive peptides
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Gastrointestinal Hormones, Humans, Intestines, Obesity, Gastrointestinal Tract
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
