The DOI matches its Crossref record; 114 of the 114 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Considering how biological sex impacts immune responses and COVID-19 outcomes
Open accessAbstract
A male bias in mortality has emerged in the COVID-19 pandemic, which is consistent with the pathogenesis of other viral infections. Biological sex differences may manifest themselves in susceptibility to infection, early pathogenesis, innate viral control, adaptive immune responses or the balance of inflammation and tissue repair in the resolution of infection. We discuss available sex-disaggregated epidemiological data from the COVID-19 pandemic, introduce sex-differential features of immunity and highlight potential sex differences underlying COVID-19 severity. We propose that sex differences in immunopathogenesis will inform mechanisms of COVID-19, identify points for therapeutic intervention and improve vaccine design and increase vaccine efficacy. Why are males more susceptible to severe COVID-19 than females? In this Perspective, Sabra Klein and colleagues consider the sex differences in the immune system that may contribute to this sex bias.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China
Guan, W.-J., Ni, Z.-Y., Hu, Y., Liang, W.-H., Ou, C.-Q., He, J.-X., Liu, L., Shan, H., Lei, C.-L., Hui, D. S. C., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2002032 · Cited by 30,246
Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., Qiu, Y., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Wei, Y., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30211-7 · Cited by 21,415
Hoffmann, M., Kleine-Weber, H., Schroeder, S., Krüger, N., Herrler, T., Erichsen, S., Schiergens, T. S., Herrler, G., Wu, N.-H., Nitsche, A., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052 · Cited by 20,286
Wu, Z., & McGoogan, J. M. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648 · Cited by 17,016
Yang, X., Yu, Y., Xu, J., Shu, H., Xia, J., Liu, H., Wu, Y., Zhang, L., Yu, Z., Fang, M., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30079-5 · Cited by 10,066
COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression
Mehta, P., McAuley, D. F., Brown, M., Sanchez, E., Tattersall, R. S., & Manson, J. J. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30628-0 · Cited by 9,664
Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019
Wölfel, R., Corman, V. M., Guggemos, W., Seilmaier, M., Zange, S., Müller, M. A., Niemeyer, D., Jones, T. C., Vollmar, P., Rothe, C., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2196-x · Cited by 6,661
Sex differences in immune responses
Klein, S. L., & Flanagan, K. L. (2016) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2016.90 · Cited by 6,370
Self-citationRuan, Q., Yang, K., Wang, W., Jiang, L., & Song, J. (2020) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-020-05991-x · Cited by 4,898
Imbalanced Host Response to SARS-CoV-2 Drives Development of COVID-19
Blanco-Melo, D., Nilsson-Payant, B. E., Liu, W.-C., Uhl, S., Hoagland, D., Møller, R., Jordan, T. X., Oishi, K., Panis, M., Sachs, D., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.026 · Cited by 4,222
Cited by
Verdoni, L., Mazza, A., Gervasoni, A., Martelli, L., Ruggeri, M., Ciuffreda, M., Bonanomi, E., & D'Antiga, L. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31103-x · Cited by 2,380
Male sex identified by global COVID-19 meta-analysis as a risk factor for death and ITU admission
Peckham, H., de Gruijter, N. M., Raine, C., Radziszewska, A., Ciurtin, C., Wedderburn, L. R., Rosser, E. C., Webb, K., & Deakin, C. T. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19741-6 · Cited by 1,503
Presence of Genetic Variants Among Young Men With Severe COVID-19
van der Made, C. I., Simons, A., Schuurs-Hoeijmakers, J., van den Heuvel, G., Mantere, T., Kersten, S., van Deuren, R. C., Steehouwer, M., van Reijmersdal, S. V., Jaeger, M., et al. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.13719 · Cited by 789
T cell responses in patients with COVID-19
Chen, Z., & John Wherry, E. (2020) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0402-6 · Cited by 797
Klein, S. L., Pekosz, A., Park, H.-S., Ursin, R. L., Shapiro, J. R., Benner, S. E., Littlefield, K., Kumar, S., Naik, H. M., Betenbaugh, M. J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci142004 · Cited by 432
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Scully, E. P., Haverfield, J., Ursin, R. L., Tannenbaum, C., & Klein, S. L.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Immunology
- Published
- 2020-06-11
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 442-447
- ISSN
- 1474-1733 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-1741
- OpenAlex
- W3035353028
- Cited by
- 932
- References
- 114
- FWCI
- 10.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Considering how biological sex impacts immune responses and COVID-19 outcomes. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1038/s41577-020-0348-8
- The paper
- Scully, E. P., Haverfield, J., Ursin, R. L., Tannenbaum, C., & Klein, S. L. (2020). Considering how biological sex impacts immune responses and COVID-19 outcomes. Nature Reviews Immunology. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0348-8
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
