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Engineering organoids
Open accessAbstract
Organoids are in vitro miniaturized and simplified model systems of organs that have gained enormous interest for modelling tissue development and disease, and for personalized medicine, drug screening and cell therapy. Despite considerable success in culturing physiologically relevant organoids, challenges remain to achieve real-life applications. In particular, the high variability of self-organizing growth and restricted experimental and analytical access hamper the translatability of organoid systems. In this Review, we argue that many limitations of traditional organoid culture can be addressed by engineering approaches at all levels of organoid systems. We investigate cell surface and genetic engineering approaches, and discuss stem cell niche engineering based on the design of matrices that allow spatiotemporal control of organoid growth and shape-guided morphogenesis. We examine how microfluidic approaches and lessons learnt from organs-on-a-chip enable the integration of mechano-physiological parameters and increase accessibility of organoids to improve functional readouts. Applying engineering principles to organoids increases reproducibility and provides experimental control, which will, ultimately, be required to enable clinical translation.
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“OoCs follow a reductionist engineering approach through the targeted and pre-defined design of components”
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“Although Matrigel provides important biochemical cues, it has an ill-defined chemistry and composition, and major lot-to-lot variation [18,19], and thus offers a poor control over ECM composition [20].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hofer, M., & Lutolf, M. P.
- Affiliations
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH)
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Materials
- Published
- 2021-02-19
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 402-420
- ISSN
- 2058-8437 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7893133
- OpenAlex
- W4211240480
- Cited by
- 1,184
- References
- 277
- Citations by year
- 2026: 189 · 2025: 275 · 2024: 256 · 2023: 226 · 2022: 168 · 2021: 70
- FWCI
- 15.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Materials (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- European Commission (H2020-MSCA-ITN, H2020-MSCA-ITN-2018, HORIZON2020, H2020, 668294, MSCA-ITN-2018, H2020-MSCA)
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (179447, 310030)
- Vienna Science and Technology Fund
- Board of the Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology
- Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (MSCA‐ITN‐2018, H2020-MSCA, 668,294, H2020-MSCA-ITN-2018, H2020-MSCA-ITN)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular Mechanics and Interactions
- Keywords
- organoids, organoid engineering, organoid culture, cell surface engineering, genetic engineering, morphogenesis, microfluidics, organ-on-a-chip, mechanobiology, reproducibility, translational medicine, drug screening, personalized medicine
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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