The DOI matches its Crossref record; 196 of the 196 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Macrophages at CNS interfaces: ontogeny and function in health and disease
Abstract
The segregation and limited regenerative capacity of the CNS necessitate a specialized and tightly regulated resident immune system that continuously guards the CNS against invading pathogens and injury. Immunity in the CNS has generally been attributed to neuron-associated microglia in the parenchyma, whose origin and functions have recently been elucidated. However, there are several other specialized macrophage populations at the CNS borders, including dural, leptomeningeal, perivascular and choroid plexus macrophages (collectively known as CNS-associated macrophages (CAMs)), whose origins and roles in health and disease have remained largely uncharted. CAMs are thought to be involved in regulating the fine balance between the proper segregation of the CNS, on the one hand, and the essential exchange between the CNS parenchyma and the periphery, on the other. Recent studies that have been empowered by major technological advances have shed new light on these cells and suggest central roles for CAMs in CNS physiology and in the pathogenesis of diseases.
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“They belong to CNS border-associated macrophages (CAMs) [367,368].”
From Revisiting the Pathogenesis of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (2025) · cites this paper as [367]
In the citing paper
“Single-cell profiling suggested functions shared with microglia and astrocytes in maintaining CNS homeostasis [372] and regulating barrier functions [367,378,379,380].”
From Revisiting the Pathogenesis of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (2025) · cites this paper as [367]
Citations
Cites
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Fate Mapping Analysis Reveals That Adult Microglia Derive from Primitive Macrophages
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Fate Mapping Reveals Origins and Dynamics of Monocytes and Tissue Macrophages under Homeostasis
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Wang, C., Yun, Q. I., Zhang, Z., Zhao, H., Lin, F., & Cao, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1877167
“…proposed by De Strooper and Karran reframed amyloid and tau pathology as part of a multicellular response involving neurons, microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, endothelial cells, and peripheral immune compartments, rather than as a cascade driven by a single lesion (31, 55, 58, 60 – 64).”
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Müller, L., Benedetto, S. D., & Müller, V. (2026) · Frontiers in Aging · doi:10.3389/fragi.2026.1858763 · Cited by 1
“Accordingly, they are only briefly addressed in the present mini-review (Kierdorf et al., 2019; Smyth and Kipnis, 2025; Prinz et al., 2021).”
Masood, T., Lakatos, S., Ignácz, M., & Rosta, J. (2026) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-026-03156-y
“In the pia mater, BAMs display simple morphology and higher motility compared to microglia, while dural mBAMs are elongated and exhibit a lower motility rate under resting conditions (Kierdorf et al. 2019).”
Plemel, J. R. (2026) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2026.1934284
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“39 TTN expression provides a plausible molecular mechanism for coordinating these specialized cytoskeletal behaviors.”
林艳雅, Lin, C., Chen, J., Chen, S., Huang, J., & Hu, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2026.1863509
“…macrophages (PVMs) constitute a specialized subset of border-associated macrophages (BAMs) that reside within the perivascular Virchow–Robin spaces of cerebral blood vessels, developmentally and functionally distinct from parenchymal microglia (Kierdorf et al., 2019; Lapenna et al., 2018).”
Primary cell and tissue cultures of human choroid plexus epithelial cells
Bihlmaier, R., Scharr, M., Neckel, P. H., Hirt, B., & Mack, A. F. (2026) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2026.1827493
“Macrophages known to occur in the CP (Kierdorf et al., 2019) were the most abundant cell type in the stroma in our human CP samples.”
IL-34 in neurological homeostasis and its multifaceted roles in central nervous system diseases
Xin, Y., Liao, Y., Cao, X., Zhu, X., & Wang, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1860233
“5 in mice) and subsequently disseminate to various border regions (59, 63).”
Quan, C., Gao, Y., Liu, X., Xiang, J., Zhang, J., Chen, L., Li, Y., Gao, W., Hao, K., He, G., et al. (2026) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2026.103097
Kim, S., Joyce, L. R., Brady, A., Spencer, B. L., Pawlikowski, B. T., Derk, J., Doran, K. S., & Siegenthaler, J. A. (2026) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2026.118141 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Kierdorf, K., Masuda, T., Jordão, M. J. C., & Prinz, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Prinz, Marco
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neuroscience
- Published
- 2019-07-29
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 547-562
- ISSN
- 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0048
- OpenAlex
- W2965570118
- Semantic Scholar
- 7aa0033e693c776f7718f0c2d90733dadf1d5769
- Cited by
- 416
- References
- 196
- Citations by year
- 2026: 54 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 8
- FWCI
- 4.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus
- Keywords
- perivascular macrophages, choroid plexus macrophages, macrophage ontogeny, meninges, blood-brain barrier, neuroinflammation, neurodegenerative diseases
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Central Nervous System, Humans, Macrophages, Neurons, Inflammation Mediators, Neurodegenerative Diseases
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