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137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes
Abstract
For thousands of years the Eurasian steppes have been a centre of human migrations and cultural change. Here we sequence the genomes of 137 ancient humans (about 1× average coverage), covering a period of 4,000 years, to understand the population history of the Eurasian steppes after the Bronze Age migrations. We find that the genetics of the Scythian groups that dominated the Eurasian steppes throughout the Iron Age were highly structured, with diverse origins comprising Late Bronze Age herders, European farmers and southern Siberian hunter-gatherers. Later, Scythians admixed with the eastern steppe nomads who formed the Xiongnu confederations, and moved westward in about the second or third century BC, forming the Hun traditions in the fourth-fifth century AD, and carrying with them plague that was basal to the Justinian plague. These nomads were further admixed with East Asian groups during several short-term khanates in the Medieval period. These historical events transformed the Eurasian steppes from being inhabited by Indo-European speakers of largely West Eurasian ancestry to the mostly Turkic-speaking groups of the present day, who are primarily of East Asian ancestry.
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“DA28, excavated from the Ulitau region (30), harbored the same haplogroup but formed a different clade with KLK002, which was excavated from a mausoleum near the medieval town of Koylik (aka Kayalyk) (33), where Carpini sojourned in the 13th century (5).”
From Genomes of the Golden Horde elites and their implications for the rulers of the Mongol Empire (2026) · cites this paper as [30]
In the citing paper
“Subsequently, this lineage was discovered in the Site of Kayalyk (n=1) (Gnecchi-Ruscone et al., 2021) and the Golden Horde (n=1) (Damgaard et al., 2018) in Kazakhstan, as well as in the Mongol empire (n=5) (Jeong et al., 2020) during the Medieval Age.”
From Y chromosome evidence confirms northeast Asian origin of Xinjiang Kazakhs and genetic influence from 18th century expansion of Kerey clan (2023) · cites this paper as Damgaard et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“From the Iron Age onwards, haplogroup C2a1a2-M48 has mainly been identified in Central Asia, including the Xiongnu empire (n=1) and the Mongol empire (n=1) in Mongolia (Jeong et al., 2020), as well as among central steppe nomads (n=1) in the Tian Shan area of Kyrgyzstan (Damgaard et al., 2018).”
From Y chromosome evidence confirms northeast Asian origin of Xinjiang Kazakhs and genetic influence from 18th century expansion of Kerey clan (2023) · cites this paper as Damgaard et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“Many ancient DNA studies have shown that the expansion of paternal R1a1a-M17 and R1b-M269 is consistent with the spread of Indo-European populations [16,56,57,58]”
From Ancient Components and Recent Expansion in the Eurasian Heartland: Insights into the Revised Phylogeny of Y-Chromosomes from Central Asia (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“The only sample of the Wusun culture studied to date (burial Turgen-2, Semirechye, Kazakhstan) belongs to the haplogroup R1a1a-Z93(xZ94) (subclade R1a1a-Y41571) [17].”
From The medieval Mongolian roots of Y-chromosomal lineages from South Kazakhstan (2020) · cites this paper as [17]
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Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe
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Self-citationA Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia’s Eastern Steppe
Jeong, C., Wang, K., Wilkin, S., Taylor, W. T. T., Miller, B. K., Bemmann, J. H., Stahl, R., Chiovelli, C., Knolle, F., Ulziibayar, S., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015 · Cited by 328
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Metadata
- Authors
- Damgaard, P. D. B., Marchi, N., Rasmussen, S., Peyrot, M., Renaud, G., Korneliussen, T., Moreno-Mayar, J. V., Pedersen, M. W., Goldberg, A., Usmanova, E., Baimukhanov, N., Loman, V., Hedeager, L., Pedersen, A. G., Nielsen, K., Afanasiev, G., Akmatov, K., Aldashev, A., Alpaslan, A., Baimbetov, G., Bazaliiskii, V. I., Beisenov, A., Boldbaatar, B., Boldgiv, B., Dorzhu, C., Ellingvag, S., Erdenebaatar, D., Dajani, R., Dmitriev, E., Evdokimov, V., Frei, K. M., Gromov, A., Goryachev, A., Hakonarson, H., Hegay, T., Khachatryan, Z., Khaskhanov, R., Kitov, E., Kolbina, A., Kubatbek, T., Kukushkin, A., Kukushkin, I., Lau, N., Margaryan, A., Merkyte, I., Mertz, I. V., Mertz, V. K., Mijiddorj, E., Moiyesev, V., Mukhtarova, G., Nurmukhanbetov, B., Orozbekova, Z., Panyushkina, I., Pieta, K., Smrčka, V., Shevnina, I., Logvin, A., Sjögren, K.-G., Štolcová, T., Taravella, A. M., Tashbaeva, K., Tkachev, A., Tulegenov, T., Voyakin, D., Yepiskoposyan, L., Undrakhbold, S., Varfolomeev, V., Weber, A., Wilson Sayres, M. A., Kradin, N., Allentoft, M. E., Orlando, L., Nielsen, R., Sikora, M., Heyer, E., Kristiansen, K., & Willerslev, E.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2018-05
- Volume
- 557
- Issue
- 7705
- Pages
- 369-374
- ISSN
- 0028-0836
- 1476-4687
- Cited by
- 457
- References
- 3
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2018-08-30)
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
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