The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Distinct structural classes of activating FOXA1 alterations in advanced prostate cancer
Open accessAbstract
Abtract Forkhead box A1 (FOXA1) is a pioneer transcription factor that is essential for the normal development of several endoderm-derived organs, including the prostate gland 1,2. FOXA1 is frequently mutated in hormone-receptor-driven prostate, breast, bladder and salivary-gland tumours 3-8. However, it is unclear how FOXA1 alterations affect the development of cancer, and FOXA1 has previously been ascribed both tumour-suppressive 9-11 and oncogenic 12-14 roles. Here we assemble an aggregate cohort of 1,546 prostate cancers and show that FOXA1 alterations fall into three structural classes that diverge in clinical incidence and genetic co-alteration profiles, with a collective prevalence of 35%. Class-1 activating mutations originate in early prostate cancer without alterations in ETS or SPOP, selectively recur within the wing-2 region of the DNA-binding forkhead domain, enable enhanced chromatin mobility and binding frequency, and strongly transactivate a luminal androgen-receptor program of prostate oncogenesis. By contrast, class-2 activating mutations are acquired in metastatic prostate cancers, truncate the C-terminal domain of FOXA1, enable dominant chromatin binding by increasing DNA affinity and-through TLE3 inactivation-promote metastasis driven by the WNT pathway. Finally, class-3 genomic rearrangements are enriched in metastatic prostate cancers, consist of duplications and translocations within the FOXA1 locus, and structurally reposition a conserved regulatory element-herein denoted FOXA1 mastermind (FOXMIND)-to drive overexpression of FOXA1 or other oncogenes. Our study reaffirms the central role of FOXA1 in mediating oncogenesis driven by the androgen receptor, and provides mechanistic insights into how the classes of FOXA1 alteration promote the initiation and/or metastatic progression of prostate cancer. These results have direct implications for understanding the pathobiology of other hormone-receptor-driven cancers and rationalize the co-targeting of FOXA1 activity in therapeutic strategies.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“many key genes that drive PCa, such as FOXA1 or HOXB13 (refs. 7,8), promote tumor progression by regulating how AR binds to or activates its target genes.”
From Genome-scale CRISPR screens identify PTGES3 as a direct modulator of androgen receptor function in advanced prostate cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [8]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Robinson, M. D., McCarthy, D. J., & Smyth, G. K. (2010) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp616 · Cited by 41,364
featureCounts: an efficient general purpose program for assigning sequence reads to genomic features
Liao, Y., Smyth, G. K., & Shi, W. (2014) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btt656 · Cited by 27,219
Cerami, E., Gao, J., Dogrusoz, U., Gross, B. E., Sumer, S. O., Aksoy, B. A., Jacobsen, A., Byrne, C. J., Heuer, M. L., Larsson, E., et al. (2012) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-12-0095 · Cited by 17,455
The Molecular Signatures Database Hallmark Gene Set Collection
Liberzon, A., Birger, C., Thorvaldsdóttir, H., Ghandi, M., Mesirov, J. P., & Tamayo, P. (2015) · Cell Systems · doi:10.1016/j.cels.2015.12.004 · Cited by 13,807
Heinz, S., Benner, C., Spann, N., Bertolino, E., Lin, Y. C., Laslo, P., Cheng, J. X., Murre, C., Singh, H., & Glass, C. K. (2010) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2010.05.004 · Cited by 13,382
Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours
The Cancer Genome Atlas Network (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11412 · Cited by 12,129
MEME SUITE: tools for motif discovery and searching
Bailey, T. L., Boden, M., Buske, F. A., Frith, M., Grant, C. E., Clementi, L., Ren, J., Li, W. W., & Noble, W. S. (2009) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkp335 · Cited by 10,648
deepTools2: a next generation web server for deep-sequencing data analysis
Ramírez, F., Ryan, D. P., Grüning, B., Bhardwaj, V., Kilpert, F., Richter, A. S., Heyne, S., Dündar, F., & Manke, T. (2016) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkw257 · Cited by 8,096
Buenrostro, J. D., Giresi, P. G., Zaba, L. C., Chang, H. Y., & Greenleaf, W. J. (2013) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.2688 · Cited by 6,422
voom: precision weights unlock linear model analysis tools for RNA-seq read counts
Law, C. W., Chen, Y., Shi, W., & Smyth, G. K. (2014) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2014-15-2-r29 · Cited by 6,155
Genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screening in human cells
Shalem, O., Sanjana, N. E., Hartenian, E., Shi, X., Scott, D. A., Mikkelsen, T. S., Heckl, D., Ebert, B. L., Root, D. E., Doench, J. G., et al. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1247005 · Cited by 5,234
Integrative Clinical Genomics of Advanced Prostate Cancer
Robinson, D., Van Allen, E. M., Wu, Y.-M., Schultz, N., Lonigro, R. J., Mosquera, J.-M., Montgomery, B., Taplin, M.-E., Pritchard, C. C., Attard, G., et al. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.05.001 · Cited by 3,645
Self-citationZehir, A., Benayed, R., Shah, R. H., Syed, A., Middha, S., Kim, H. R., Srinivasan, P., Gao, J., Chakravarty, D., Devlin, S. M., et al. (2017) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.4333 · Cited by 3,380
The Molecular Taxonomy of Primary Prostate Cancer
Abeshouse, A. A., Ahn, J., Akbani, R., Ally, A., Amin, S. B., Andry, C., Annala, M., Aprikian, A. G., Armenia, J., Arora, A., et al. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.025 · Cited by 3,126
Comprehensive molecular characterization of urothelial bladder carcinoma
Perou, C. M. (2014) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/za09-dk57 · Cited by 2,922
Functional interaction of β-catenin with the transcription factor LEF-1
Behrens, J., von Kries, J. P., Kühl, M., Bruhn, L., Wedlich, D., Grosschedl, R., & Birchmeier, W. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/382638a0 · Cited by 2,912
Comprehensive molecular characterization of urothelial bladder carcinoma
Weinstein, J. N., Akbani, R., Broom, B. M., Wang, W., Verhaak, R. G. W., Liu, W., Ju, Z., Motter, T., Peng, B., Ryan, M., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12965 · Cited by 2,746
The mutational landscape of lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer
Grasso, C. S., Wu, Y.-M., Robinson, D. R., Cao, X., Dhanasekaran, S. M., Khan, A. P., Quist, M. J., Jing, X., Lonigro, R. J., Brenner, J. C., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11125 · Cited by 2,517
Self-citationComprehensive Molecular Portraits of Invasive Lobular Breast Cancer
Ciriello, G., Gatza, M. L., Beck, A. H., Wilkerson, M. D., Rhie, S. K., Pastore, A., Zhang, H., McLellan, M. D., Yau, C. S. F., Kandoth, C., et al. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.09.033 · Cited by 1,867
Exome sequencing identifies recurrent SPOP, FOXA1 and MED12 mutations in prostate cancer
Barbieri, C. E., Baca, S. C., Lawrence, M. S., Demichelis, F., Blattner, M., Theurillat, J.-P. P., White, T. A., Stojanov, P., Allen, E. M. V., Stransky, N., et al. (2012) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2279 · Cited by 1,550
LUMPY: a probabilistic framework for structural variant discovery
Layer, R. M., Chiang, C., Quinlan, A. R., & Hall, I. M. (2014) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2014-15-6-r84 · Cited by 1,544
A general method to improve fluorophores for live-cell and single-molecule microscopy
Grimm, J. B., English, B. P., Chen, J., Slaughter, J. P., Zhang, Z., Revyakin, A. G., Patel, R. H., Macklin, J. J., Normanno, D., Singer, R. H., et al. (2015) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.3256 · Cited by 1,509
GSEA-P : a desktop application for Gene Set Enrichment Analysis
Subramanian, A., Kuehn, H., Gould, J., Tamayo, P., & Mesirov, J. P. (2007) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btm369 · Cited by 1,399
Co-crystal structure of the HNF-3/fork head DNA-recognition motif resembles histone H5
Clark, K., Halay, E. D., Lai, E., & Burley, S. K. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/364412a0 · Cited by 1,275
Opening of Compacted Chromatin by Early Developmental Transcription Factors HNF3 (FoxA) and GATA-4
Cirillo, L. A., Lin, F. R., Cuesta, I., Friedman, D., Jarník, M., & Zaret, K. S. (2002) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(02)00459-8 · Cited by 1,188
ChIPpeakAnno: a Bioconductor package to annotate ChIP-seq and ChIP-chip data
Zhu, L. J., Gazin, C., Lawson, N. D., Pagès, H., Lin, S. M., Lapointe, D. S., & Green, M. R. (2010) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/1471-2105-11-237 · Cited by 1,159
FoxA1 Translates Epigenetic Signatures into Enhancer-Driven Lineage-Specific Transcription
Lupien, M., Eeckhoute, J., Meyer, C. A., Wang, Q., Zhang, Y., Li, W., Carroll, J. S., Liu, X. S., & Brown, M. (2008) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.01.018 · Cited by 983
Self-citationDistinct classes of chromosomal rearrangements create oncogenic ETS gene fusions in prostate cancer
Tomlins, S., Laxman, B., Dhanasekaran, S., Helgeson, B. E., Cao, X.-H., Morris, D. S., Menon, A., Jing, X.-J., Cao, Q., Han, B., et al. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06024 · Cited by 904
Self-citationIntegrative clinical genomics of metastatic cancer
Robinson, D. R., Wu, Y.-M., Lonigro, R. J., Vats, P., Cobain, E., Everett, J., Cao, X., Rabban, E., Kumar-Sinha, C., Raymond, V., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature23306 · Cited by 863
Self-citationInactivation of CDK12 Delineates a Distinct Immunogenic Class of Advanced Prostate Cancer
Wu, Y.-M., Cieslik, M. P., Lonigro, R. J., Vats, P., Reimers, M. A., Cao, X., Yu, N., Wang, L., Kunju, L. P., Sarkar, N. D., et al. (2018) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.04.034 · Cited by 620
Self-citationDaniels, D., & Weis, W. (2005) · Nature Structural &Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsmb912 · Cited by 614
The Foxa family of transcription factors in development and metabolism
Friedman, J. R., & Kaestner, K. H. (2006) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-006-6095-6 · Cited by 525
The androgen receptor cistrome is extensively reprogrammed in human prostate tumorigenesis
Pomerantz, M. M., Li, F., Takeda, D. Y., Lenci, R., Chonkar, A., Chabot, M., Cejas, P., Vazquez, F., Cook, J., Shivdasani, R. A., et al. (2015) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3419 · Cited by 470
Phair, R. D., Scaffidi, P., Elbi, C., Večeřová, J., Dey, A., Ozato, K., Brown, D. T., Hager, G. L., Bustin, M., & Misteli, T. (2004) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.24.14.6393-6402.2004 · Cited by 453
Iwafuchi-Doi, M., Donahue, G., Kakumanu, A., Watts, J. A., Mahony, S., Pugh, B. F., Lee, D., Kaestner, K. H., & Zaret, K. S. (2016) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2016.03.001 · Cited by 390
Steroid Receptors Reprogram FoxA1 Occupancy through Dynamic Chromatin Transitions
Swinstead, E. E., Miranda, T. B., Paakinaho, V., Baek, S., Goldstein, I., Hawkins, M., Karpova, T. S., Ball, D., Mazza, D., Lavis, L. D., et al. (2016) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.067 · Cited by 312
Androgen receptor driven transcription in molecular apocrine breast cancer is mediated by FoxA1
Robinson, J. L. L., MacArthur, S., Ross-Innes, C. S., Tilley, W. D., Neal, D. E., Mills, I. G., & Carroll, J. S. (2011) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/emboj.2011.216 · Cited by 300
Random-set methods identify distinct aspects of the enrichment signal in gene-set analysis
Newton, M. A., Quintana, F. A., den Boon, J. A., Sengupta, S., & Ahlquist, P. (2007) · The Annals of Applied Statistics · doi:10.1214/07-aoas104 · Cited by 237
Random-set methods identify distinct aspects of the enrichment signal in gene-set analysis
Newton, M. A., Quintana, O. A., den Boon, J. A., Sengupta, S., & Ahlquist, P. (2016) · Cited by 230
Sekiya, T., Muthurajan, U. M., Luger, K., Tulin, A. V., & Zaret, K. S. (2009) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1775509 · Cited by 221
3D clusters of somatic mutations in cancer reveal numerous rare mutations as functional targets
Gao, J., Chang, M. T., Johnsen, H. C., Gao, S. P., Sylvester, B. E., Sümer, S. O., Zhang, H., Solit, D. B., Taylor, B. S., Schultz, N. D., et al. (2017) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13073-016-0393-x · Cited by 220
Dalin, M. G., Desrichard, A., Katabi, N., Makarov, V., Walsh, L. A., Lee, K.-W., Wang, Q., Armenia, J., West, L., Doğan, S., et al. (2016) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0637 · Cited by 212
Forkhead box A1 regulates prostate ductal morphogenesis and promotes epithelial cell maturation
Gao, N., Ishii, K., Mirosevich, J., Kuwajima, S., Oppenheimer, S. R., Roberts, R. L., Jiang, M., Yu, X., Shappell, S. B., Caprioli, R. M., et al. (2005) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.01917 · Cited by 193
Cooperativity and equilibrium with FOXA1 define the androgen receptor transcriptional program
Jin, H., Zhao, J. C., Wu, L., Kim, J., & Yu, J. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms4972 · Cited by 191
Evaluating human cancer cell metastasis in zebrafish
Teng, Y., Xie, X., Walker, S. L., White, D. T., Mumm, J. S., & Cowell, J. K. (2013) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/1471-2407-13-453 · Cited by 183
Cieslik, M. P., Chugh, R. K., Wu, Y.-M., Wu, M., Brennan, C. A., Lonigro, R. J., Su, F., Wang, R., Siddiqui, J., Mehra, R., et al. (2015) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.189621.115 · Cited by 174
Self-citationSong, B., Park, S.-H., Zhao, J. C., Fong, K.-W., Li, S., Lee, Y., Yang, Y. A., Sridhar, S., Lü, X., Abdulkadir, S. A., et al. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci122367 · Cited by 162
Androgen Receptor-Independent Function of FoxA1 in Prostate Cancer Metastasis
Jin, H., Zhao, J. C., Ogden, I., Bergan, R. C., & Yu, J. (2013) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3468 · Cited by 151
Dynamic Recruitment of Single RNAs to Processing Bodies Depends on RNA Functionality
Pitchiaya, S., Mourão, M., Jalihal, A. P., Xiao, L., Jiang, X., Chinnaiyan, A. M., Schnell, S. D., & Walter, N. G. (2019) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2019.03.001 · Cited by 123
Self-citationBART: a transcription factor prediction tool with query gene sets or epigenomic profiles
Wang, Z., Civelek, M., Miller, C. L., Sheffield, N. C., Guertin, M. J., & Zang, C. (2018) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bty194 · Cited by 118
Shah, N. B., & Duncan, T. M. (2014) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/51383 · Cited by 116
Robinson, J. L. L., Hickey, T. E., Warren, A. Y., Vowler, S. L., Carroll, T., Lamb, A. D. G., Papoutsoglou, N., Neal, D. E., Tilley, W. D., & Carroll, J. S. (2013) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2013.508 · Cited by 99
Current perspectives on FOXA1 regulation of androgen receptor signaling and prostate cancer
Yang, Y. A., & Yu, J. (2015) · Genes & Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.gendis.2015.01.003 · Cited by 84
Pitchiaya, S., Androsavich, J. R., & Walter, N. G. (2012) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.1038/embor.2012.85 · Cited by 63
Self-citationStructure of the Forkhead Domain of FOXA2 Bound to a Complete DNA Consensus Site
Li, J., Machado, A. C. D., Guo, M., Sagendorf, J. M., Zhou, Z. M., Jiang, L., Chen, X., Wu, D., Qu, L., Chen, Z., et al. (2017) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00211 · Cited by 50
Developing Cancer Informatics Applications and Tools Using the NCI Genomic Data Commons API
Wilson, S., Fitzsimons, M., Ferguson, M. L., Heath, A. P., Jensen, M. A., Miller, J., Murphy, M. W., Porter, J., Sahni, H., Staudt, L. M., et al. (2017) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0598 · Cited by 40
Recurrent SKIL-activating rearrangements in ETS-negative prostate cancer
Annala, M., Kivinummi, K. K., Tuominen, J. I., Karakurt, S., Granberg, K. J., Latonen, L., Ylipää, A., Sjöblom, L., Ruusuvuori, P., Saramäki, O. R., et al. (2015) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.3359 · Cited by 25
Wang, W., Zhong, J., Su, B., Zhou, Y. H., & Wang, Y. (2006) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msl205 · Cited by 23
Searle, S. M. J., Frankish, A., Bignell, A., Aken, B. L., Derrien, T., Diekhans, M., Harte, R., Howald, C., Kokocinski, F., Lin, M. F., et al. (2010) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2010-11-s1-p36 · Cited by 8
165 Recurrent SKIL-activating rearrangements in ETS-negative prostate cancer
Annala, M., Kivinummi, K. K., Tuominen, J., Latonen, L., Ylipää, A., Saramäki, O. R., Kaukoniemi, K. M., Karakurt, S., Yli-Harja, O. P., Vessella, R. L., et al. (2015) · European Urology Supplements · doi:10.1016/s1569-9056(15)60167-1 · Cited by 6
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Smyth, G. K., McCarthy, D. J. & Smyth, G. K. in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Solutions Using R and Bioconductor (eds Dudoit, S. & Carey, V. J.) 397–420 (Springer, New York, 2005).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Rebello, R. J., Oing, C., Knudsen, K. E., Loeb, S., Johnson, D. C., Reiter, R. E., Gillessen, S., van der Kwast, T., & Bristow, R. G. (2021) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-020-00243-0 · Cited by 1,238
Pioneer Transcription Factors Initiating Gene Network Changes
Zaret, K. S. (2020) · Annual Review of Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genet-030220-015007 · Cited by 409
A genomic and epigenomic atlas of prostate cancer in Asian populations
Li, J., Xu, C., Lee, H. J., Ren, S., Zi, X., Zhang, Z., Wang, H., Yu, Y., Yang, C., Gao, X., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2135-x · Cited by 353
Self-citationTargeting SWI/SNF ATPases in enhancer-addicted prostate cancer
Xiao, L., Parolia, A., Qiao, Y., Bawa, P., Eyunni, S., Mannan, R., Carson, S. E., Chang, Y., Wang, X., Zhang, Y., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04246-z · Cited by 324
Self-citationEpidemiology and genomics of prostate cancer in Asian men
Zhu, Y., Mo, M., Yu, W., Wu, J., Pan, J. G., Freedland, S. J., Zheng, Y., & Ye, D. (2021) · Nature Reviews Urology · doi:10.1038/s41585-021-00442-8 · Cited by 293
Metadata
- Authors
- Parolia, A., Cieslik, M., Chu, S.-C., Xiao, L., Ouchi, T., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Vats, P., Cao, X., Pitchiaya, S., Su, F., Wang, R., Feng, F. Y., Wu, Y.-M., Lonigro, R. J., Robinson, D. R., & Chinnaiyan, A. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chinnaiyan, Arul M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2019-06-26
- Volume
- 571
- Issue
- 7765
- Pages
- 413-418
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC6661908
- OpenAlex
- W2955719861
- Cited by
- 284
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 9
- FWCI
- 25.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Cancer Institute (F99CA245825, R35CA231996, U01CA214170, P50CA186786)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Prostate Cancer Treatment and Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Chromatin Remodeling and Cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics
- Keywords
- FOXA1, prostate cancer, activating mutations, androgen receptor, chromatin binding, metastasis, Wnt signaling, TLE3, genome rearrangement, ETS transcription factors, SPOP, carcinogenesis
- MeSH terms
- Protein Domains, Chromatin, Humans, Male, Models, Molecular, Mutation, Neoplasm Metastasis, Prostatic Neoplasms, Receptors, Androgen, Genome, Human, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Cell Line, Tumor, Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-alpha, Wnt Signaling Pathway
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
