Genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screening in human cells
Open accessAbstract
Improving Whole-Genome Screens: Improved methods are needed for the knockout of individual genes in genome-scale functional screens. Wang et al. (p. 80 , published online 12 December) and Shalem et al. (p. 84 , published online 12 December) used the bacterial CRISPR/Cas9 system to power-screen protocols that avoid several of the pitfalls associated with small interfering RNA (siRNA) screens. Genome editing by these methods completely disrupts target genes, thus avoiding weak signals that can occur when transcript abundance is partially decreased by siRNA. Furthermore, gene targeting by the CRISPR system is more precise and appears to produce substantially fewer off-target effects than existing methods.
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gRNA-Cas9 nuclease-induced DSBs repaired by NHEJ resulted in 1-10 bp deletions or 1 bp insertions in as many as 90% of cells.
“The gRNA–Cas9 nuclease complex directed double-stranded breaks (DSBs) at target sites, which after repair by error-prone non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ)196,197, resulted in 1–10 bp deletions or 1 bp insertions (‘indels’) in as many as 90% of cells192,194 (Figure 2a).”
From Towards a comprehensive catalogue of validated and target-linked human enhancers (2020) · cites this paper as [192]
The paper’s Abstract (page not provided) says sgRNA-guided Cas9 creates targeted double-strand breaks and indels. In its EGFP experiment, 93 ± 8% of cells lost fluorescence, while sequencing found a 92 ± 9% indel frequency in reads. Our copy does not specify 1–10 bp deletions or 1 bp insertions, or show that those particular indels occurred in 90% of cells. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPooled CRISPR screening is a powerful and widely used method for identifying genes involved in biological mechanisms such as cell proliferation, drug resistance, and viral infection.
“Pooled CRISPR screening is a powerful and widely used method for identifying genes involved in biological mechanisms such as cell proliferation 1, 2 , drug resistance 3 , and viral infection 4 .”
From Pooled CRISPR screening with single-cell transcriptome readout. (2017) · cites this paper as [3]
Many identified mediator complex components were concordantly associated with resistance to other targeted cancer therapies, but were also controversially identified as essential genes in CML cells.
“Many of the identified mediator complex components were concordantly associated with resistance to other targeted cancer therapies,44,45 but were also controversially identified as essential genes in CML cells.46”
From Integrated drug profiling and CRISPR screening identify BCR::ABL1-independent vulnerabilities in chronic myeloid leukemia (2024) · cites this paper as [44]
Citation 46 attaches to the claim that Mediator components were identified as essential genes in CML cells. The negative-selection screen passage (section labeled Abstract; page unavailable) reports essential genes in melanoma A375 and stem-cell HUES62 lines, but does not identify Mediator components as essential or examine CML cells. Searches for CML, chronic myeloid leukemia, and essential Mediator components found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHistorically pooled screens rely on enriching populations for a phenotype followed by NGS to measure perturbation abundance.
“Historically, pooled screens have relied on enriching populations of cells for a phenotype of interest, followed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) to measure changes in perturbation abundance.”
From Optical Pooled Screens in Human Cells (2019) · cites this paper as Shalem et al., 2014
Pooling gene perturbations increases scalability but cannot be combined with imaging of complex or dynamic cellular phenotypes.
“Pooling gene perturbations greatly improves scalability, but is not compatible with imaging of complex and dynamic cellular phenotypes.”
From Optical Pooled Screens in Human Cells (2019) · cites this paper as Shalem et al., 2014
Genome-scale pooled CRISPR loss-of-function screens allow forward genetic studies in many mammalian cell types, including primary T cells, where they have identified genes that may be targeted in future immunotherapies.
“Genome-scale pooled CRISPR loss-of-function screens now allow forward genetic studies in many mammalian cell types (Wang et al., 2014; Shalem et al., 2014) including primary T cells where they have identified genes that may be targeted in future immunotherapies (Dong et al., 2019; Shifrut et al., 2018; Wei et al., 2019).”
From Pooled Knockin Targeting for Genome Engineering of Cellular Immunotherapies (2020) · cites this paper as Shalem et al., 2014
Cancer cell line screens have limitations for neurological disease research, including that most neurological diseases involve specific cell types, that disease-relevant genes may not be expressed in the line, and that survival control differs between cancer and untransformed cells.
“Even though such screens have been able to uncover genes that were then validated in relevant cell types such as neurons63,65,68, they have obvious limitations for the study of neurological disease.”
From CRISPR-based functional genomics for neurological disease (2020) · cites this paper as [63]
Genes controlling sensitivity to toxic dipeptide repeats in cancer cells showed little correlation with those in primary neurons.
“As a case in point, there was little correlation between genes found to control sensitivity to toxic dipeptide repeats in cancer cells versus primary neurons63.”
From CRISPR-based functional genomics for neurological disease (2020) · cites this paper as [63]
Viral vectors have been extensively applied to deliver CRISPR cassettes in vitro and in vivo largely owing to their high efficiency in gene delivery and long-term stable transgene expression.
“In recent years, viral vectors have been extensively applied to deliver CRISPR cassettes in vitro and in vivo largely owing to their high efficiency in gene delivery and long-term stable transgene expression [34, 58, 65].”
From Non-viral delivery systems for CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing: challenges and opportunities (2018) · cites this paper as [65]
DNA sequence recognition by CRISPR/Cas9 requires only a single 20-nt guide RNA and a protospacer adjacent motif, enabling rapid engineering and testing of many DNA cleavage sites.
“DNA sequence recognition requires only a single 20-nt guide RNA and a protospacer adjacent motif, which enables one to rapidly engineer and test a large number of DNA cleavage sites (17)(18)(19)(20).”
From RNA-guided endonuclease provides a therapeutic strategy to cure latent herpesviridae infection (2014) · cites this paper as [19]
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- Authors
- Shalem, O., Sanjana, N. E., Hartenian, E., Shi, X., Scott, D. A., Mikkelsen, T. S., Heckl, D., Ebert, B. L., Root, D. E., Doench, J. G., & Zhang, F.
- Affiliations
- Broad Institute (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Feng
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2014-01-03
- Volume
- 343
- Issue
- 6166
- Pages
- 84-87
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC4089965
- OpenAlex
- W1973260880
- Cited by
- 5,234
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 258 · 2025: 371 · 2024: 461 · 2023: 435 · 2022: 446 · 2021: 504 · 2020: 529 · 2019: 496 · 2018: 446 · 2017: 438 · 2016: 379 · 2015: 262 · 2014: 196 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 125.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation
- McKnight Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (R01‐grant)
- National Institute of Mental Health (DP1MH100706)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK097768, 1R01-DK097768)
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (1DP1-MH100706)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Chromatin Remodeling and Cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Keywords
- CRISPR/Cas9, lentiviral gene delivery, essential genes, cancer cells, pluripotent stem cells, melanoma, vemurafenib resistance, RAF inhibitor resistance, neurofibromatosis type 1, MED12, neurofibromatosis type 2, CUL3
- MeSH terms
- Vemurafenib, Cell Survival, Genetic Testing, Humans, Indoles, Melanoma, Selection, Genetic, Sulfonamides, Transcription Factors, Gene Library, Lentivirus, Genes, Neurofibromatosis 1, Genes, Neurofibromatosis 2, Drug Resistance, Neoplasm, Pluripotent Stem Cells, Cullin Proteins, Protein Kinase Inhibitors, raf Kinases, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, Genome-Wide Association Study, Gene Knockout Techniques, Genetic Loci, Mediator Complex, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
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