Cited by 950Graphene research and applicationsGraphite, nuclear technology, radiation studiesCarbon Nanotubes in Composites

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Gram-scale bottom-up flash graphene synthesis

Luong, Duy X., Bets, Ksenia V., Algozeeb, Wala Ali, Stanford, Michael G., Kittrell, Carter, Chen, Weiyin, Salvatierra, Rodrigo V., Ren, Muqing, McHugh, Emily A., Advincula, Paul A., Wang, Zhe, Bhatt, Mahesh, Guo, Hua, Mancevski, Vladimir, Shahsavari, Rouzbeh, Yakobson, Boris I., Tour, James M.·2020·Nature

DOI 10.1038/s41586-020-1938-0

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Abstract

Most bulk-scale graphene is produced by a top-down approach, exfoliating graphite, which often requires large amounts of solvent with high-energy mixing, shearing, sonication or electrochemical treatment 1-3. Although chemical oxidation of graphite to graphene oxide promotes exfoliation, it requires harsh oxidants and leaves the graphene with a defective perforated structure after the subsequent reduction step 3,4. Bottom-up synthesis of high-quality graphene is often restricted to ultrasmall amounts if performed by chemical vapour deposition or advanced synthetic organic methods, or it provides a defect-ridden structure if carried out in bulk solution 4-6. Here we show that flash Joule heating of inexpensive carbon sources-such as coal, petroleum coke, biochar, carbon black, discarded food, rubber tyres and mixed plastic waste-can afford gram-scale quantities of graphene in less than one second. The product, named flash graphene (FG) after the process used to produce it, shows turbostratic arrangement (that is, little order) between the stacked graphene layers. FG synthesis uses no furnace and no solvents or reactive gases. Yields depend on the carbon content of the source; when using a high-carbon source, such as carbon black, anthracitic coal or calcined coke, yields can range from 80 to 90 per cent with carbon purity greater than 99 per cent. No purification steps are necessary. Raman spectroscopy analysis shows a low-intensity or absent D band for FG, indicating that FG has among the lowest defect concentrations reported so far for graphene, and confirms the turbostratic stacking of FG, which is clearly distinguished from turbostratic graphite. The disordered orientation of FG layers facilitates its rapid exfoliation upon mixing during composite formation. The electric energy cost for FG synthesis is only about 7.2 kilojoules per gram, which could render FG suitable for use in bulk composites of plastic, metals, plywood, concrete and other building materials.

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Authors: Luong, D. X., Bets, K. V., Algozeeb, W. A., Stanford, M. G., Kittrell, C., Chen, W., Salvatierra, R. V., Ren, M., McHugh, E. A., Advincula, P. A., Wang, Z., Bhatt, M., Guo, H., Mancevski, V., Shahsavari, R., Yakobson, B. I., & Tour, J. M.
Affiliations: Rice University (US)
Corresponding author: Shahsavari, Rouzbeh
Yakobson, Boris I.
Tour, James M.
ORCID: Luong, Duy X.
Bets, Ksenia V.
Algozeeb, Wala Ali
Stanford, Michael G.
Kittrell, Carter
Chen, Weiyin
Salvatierra, Rodrigo V.
Ren, Muqing
Advincula, Paul A.
Wang, Zhe
Guo, Hua
Shahsavari, Rouzbeh
Yakobson, Boris I.
Tour, James M.
Venue: Nature
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2020-01-27
Volume: 577
Issue: 7792
Pages: 647-651
ISSN: 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-1938-0
OpenAlex: W3000867797
Cited by: 950
References: 36
Citations by year: 2026: 167 · 2025: 201 · 2024: 165 · 2023: 131 · 2022: 132 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 45
FWCI: 40.48
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Nature (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Funders: European Commission (696656)
Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-10LABX-0026CSC)
Narodowe Centrum Nauki (2015/18/E/ST5/00188, 2016/21/B/ST5/00175)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Graphene research and applications
Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Graphite, nuclear technology, radiation studies
Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Carbon Nanotubes in Composites
Keywords: Joule heating, turbostratic stacking, graphene defects, carbon black, coal, petroleum coke, biochar, rubber tires, plastic waste, solvent-free synthesis, graphene composites, energy costs

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Gram-scale bottom-up flash graphene synthesis

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