Increasing the resilience of plant immunity to a warming climate
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Abstract Extreme weather conditions associated with climate change affect many aspects of plant and animal life, including the response to infectious diseases. Production of salicylic acid (SA), a central plant defence hormone 1–3 , is particularly vulnerable to suppression by short periods of hot weather above the normal plant growth temperature range via an unknown mechanism 4–7 . Here we show that suppression of SA production in Arabidopsis thaliana at 28 °C is independent of PHYTOCHROME B 8,9 (phyB) and EARLY FLOWERING 3 10 (ELF3), which regulate thermo-responsive plant growth and development. Instead, we found that formation of GUANYLATE BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 3 (GBPL3) defence-activated biomolecular condensates 11 (GDACs) was reduced at the higher growth temperature. The altered GDAC formation in vivo is linked to impaired recruitment of GBPL3 and SA-associated Mediator subunits to the promoters of CBP60g and SARD1 , which encode master immune transcription factors. Unlike many other SA signalling components, including the SA receptor and biosynthetic genes, optimized CBP60g expression was sufficient to broadly restore SA production, basal immunity and effector-triggered immunity at the elevated growth temperature without significant growth trade-offs. CBP60g family transcription factors are widely conserved in plants 12 . These results have implications for safeguarding the plant immune system as well as understanding the concept of the plant–pathogen–environment disease triangle and the emergence of new disease epidemics in a warming climate.
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Several other variants of Cas9 and Cas12a enzymes have been developed with improved specificity and efficiency, but their efficiency and specificity may vary depending on the different target DNA and utility.
“Several other variants of Cas9 and Cas12a enzymes have been developed with improved specificity and efficiency, but their efficiency and specificity may vary depending on the different target DNA and utility (Kim et al., 2022).”
From Emerging applications of gene editing technologies for the development of climate-resilient crops (2025) · cites this paper as Kim et al., 2022
The Methods section on generating transgenic lines describes cloning and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, not Cas9 or Cas12a variants. Searches for Cas9/Cas12a specificity and efficiency, and for CRISPR target-DNA editing, found no passage in our copy addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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- Authors
- Kim, J. H., Castroverde, C. D. M., Huang, S., Li, C., Hilleary, R., Seroka, A., Sohrabi, R., Medina-Yerena, D., Huot, B., Wang, J., Nomura, K., Marr, S. K., Wildermuth, M. C., Chen, T., MacMicking, J. D., & He, S. Y.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Wilfrid Laurier University (CA)
- Huazhong Agricultural University (CN)
- Michigan State University (US)
- Duke University (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Castroverde, Christian Danve M.
- He, Sheng Yang
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2022-06-29
- Volume
- 607
- Issue
- 7918
- Pages
- 339-344
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC9279160
- OpenAlex
- W4283691610
- Cited by
- 225
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 75 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 24
- FWCI
- 25.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Scholars Commons (Wilfrid Laurier University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Michigan State University
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- National Institutes of Health
- College of Engineering, Michigan State University
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM110523)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant-Microbe Interactions and Immunity
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Stress Responses and Tolerance
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Molecular Biology Research
- Keywords
- salicylic acid, plant immunity, climate change, heat stress, Arabidopsis thaliana, biomolecular condensates, SARD1, Mediator complex, basal immunity, effector-triggered immunity
- MeSH terms
- Acclimatization, Calmodulin-Binding Proteins, Environment, Plant Diseases, Temperature, Transcription Factors, Arabidopsis, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Salicylic Acid, Arabidopsis Proteins, Phytochrome B, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Global Warming, Plant Immunity
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