Cited by 906SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchCOVID-19 Clinical Research Studiesinterferon and immune responses

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SARS-CoV-2 infection of human ACE2-transgenic mice causes severe lung inflammation and impaired function

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Winkler, Emma S., Bailey, Adam L., Kafai, Natasha M., Nair, Sharmila, McCune, Broc T., Yu, Jinsheng, Fox, Julie M., Chen, Rita E., Earnest, James T., Keeler, Shamus P., Ritter, Jon H., Kang, Liang-I, Dort, Sarah, Robichaud, Annette, Head, Richard, Holtzman, Michael J., Diamond, Michael S.·2020·Nature Immunology

DOI 10.1038/s41590-020-0778-2PMC PMC7578095

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Abstract

Although animal models have been evaluated for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, none have fully recapitulated the lung disease phenotypes seen in humans who have been hospitalized. Here, we evaluate transgenic mice expressing the human angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor driven by the cytokeratin-18 (K18) gene promoter (K18-hACE2) as a model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Intranasal inoculation of SARS-CoV-2 in K18-hACE2 mice results in high levels of viral infection in lungs, with spread to other organs. A decline in pulmonary function occurs 4 days after peak viral titer and correlates with infiltration of monocytes, neutrophils and activated T cells. SARS-CoV-2-infected lung tissues show a massively upregulated innate immune response with signatures of nuclear factor-κB-dependent, type I and II interferon signaling, and leukocyte activation pathways. Thus, the K18-hACE2 model of SARS-CoV-2 infection shares many features of severe COVID-19 infection and can be used to define the basis of lung disease and test immune and antiviral-based countermeasures.

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Differential immunoregulation by human surfactant protein A variants determines severity of SARS-CoV-2-induced lung disease
Jacob, I. B., Lawal, A. O., Mahmoud, S. S., Kopsack, E. M., Reynolds, E. S., Meng, Q., Fan, H., Massa, P. T., Thangamani, S., Jia, H., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1462278 · Cited by 4
Unveiling the silent threat: COVID-19 and myocardial injury
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Novel Strategies for Developing Next-Generation Vaccines to Combat Infectious Viral Diseases
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“SARS-CoV-2 infection in hACE2 transgenic mice shows lung pathology similar to human pneumonia in severe infection cases [153,154].”
The computationally designed TRI2-2 miniprotein inhibitor protects against multiple SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants
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“To study the protective ef ﬁ cacy of TRI2-2 in vivo against immune evasive SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants, we intranasally inoculated highly susceptibleK18-hACE2mice 16 with10 4 FFUofBQ.1.1, XBB.1.5, orBA.2.86.”
InfluentialSelf-citation
SARS-CoV-2 directly infects the inner ear and causes hearing dysfunction
Liu, X., Zong, Y., Liu, K., Shi, X., Zhao, Z., Shan, C., & Sun, Y. (2026) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117251 · Cited by 4
Preventive nasal administration of flagellin restores antimicrobial effect of gentamicin and protects against a multidrug-resistant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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“Such apparent reduction has also been previously reported in the context of influenza and SARS-Cov-2 infection (39, 40).”
Characterization of Neutrophil Functional Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Translational Feline Model for COVID-19
Gunasekara, S., Selvan, M. T., Murphy, C. L., Shatnawi, S., Cowan, S. R., More, S., Ritchey, J. W., Miller, C., & Rudd, J. M. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms251810054 · Cited by 4
“in COVID-19 for and chemokines during SARS-CoV-2 infection orchestrates a robust immune response, pivotal in modulating and mitigating disease progression [32–35].”
Background
MODELING OF ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION AND SEARCH FOR ITS CIRCULATING BIOMARKERS
Shishkova, D. K., Frolov, A. V., Markova, V. E., Markova, Y. O., Kanonykina, A., Lazebnaya, A. A., Матвеева, В. Г., Torgunakova, E. A., & Кутихин, А. Г. (2024) · Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.17802/2306-1278-2024-13-3s-173-190 · Cited by 4
Suppression of miR-155 Attenuates Lung Cytokine Storm Induced by SARS-CoV-2 Infection
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“Our ﬁ ndings are consistence with previous studies which have reported low survival and signi ﬁ cant weight loss in SARS-CoV-2-infected tg-mice (Jiang et al., 2020; Winkler et al., 2020).”
Significance of Immune Status of SARS-CoV-2 Infected Patients in Determining the Efficacy of Therapeutic Interventions
Saratale, G. D., Shin, H., Shinde, S. K., Kim, D.-Y., Saratale, R. G., Kadam, A. A., Kumar, M., Bahkali, A. H., Syed, A., & Ghodake, G. S. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12030349 · Cited by 5
“Besides this, it is interrelated with elevated levels of cytokines, mainly circulating ones [12], deep lymphopenia [13], and involved with extensive mononuclear cell infiltration in different organs, including lungs [14], spleen [15], heart [16], lymph nodes [17] and kidney [18], as observed in a post-mortem examinati…”
Background
Therapeutic Effect of C-Vx Substance in K18-hACE2 Transgenic Mice Infected with SARS-CoV-2
Polat, H. Ü., Abacı, İ., Tas, A. C., Aksoy, Ö., Öktelik, F. B., Yılmaz, V., Teki̇n, Ş., Okyar, A., Öncül, O., & Deniz, G. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241511957 · Cited by 4
Improved survival of SARS COV-2-infected K18-hACE2 mice treated with adenosine A2AR agonist
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“These cytokine and chemokine profiles in the vehicle treated infected mice are similar to other reports in K18-hACE2 mice [27,28].”
Result
Cutting Edge: Characterization of Low Copy Number Human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2–Transgenic Mice as an Improved Model of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Bradshaw, C. M., Georgieva, T. G., Tankersley, T. N., Taylor-Doyle, T., Johnson, L., Uhrlaub, J. L., Besselsen, D. G., & Nikolich‐Žugich, J. (2024) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2300591 · Cited by 4
Generation of a lethal mouse model expressing human ACE2 and TMPRSS2 for SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis
Jeong, G. U., Hwang, I., Lee, W., Choi, J. H., Yoon, G. Y., Kim, H. S., Yang, J., Kim, K.-C., Lee, J.-Y., Kim, S., et al. (2024) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s12276-024-01197-z · Cited by 4
A single-dose MCMV-based vaccine elicits long-lasting immune protection in mice against distinct SARS-CoV-2 variants
Metzdorf, K., Jacobsen, H., 김연수, Alves, L. G. T., Kulkarni, U., Eschke, K., Chaudhry, M. Z., Hoffmann, M., Bertoglio, F., Ruschig, M., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1383086 · Cited by 4
Antiviral effect of cannabidiol on K18 ‐ hACE2 transgenic mice infected with SARS ‐ CoV ‐2
Polat, H. Ü., Yalcin, H. A., Köm, D., Aksoy, Ö., Abacı, İ., Tas, A. C., Serhatlı, M., & Onarıcı, S. (2024) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.70030 · Cited by 5
Low-frequency CD8+ T cells induced by SIGN-R1+ macrophage-targeted vaccine confer SARS-CoV-2 clearance in mice
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Functional heterogeneity of mesenchymal stem cells and their therapeutic potential in the K18-hACE2 mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection
da Silva, K. N., Marim, F. M., Rocha, G. V., Costa‐Ferro, Z. S. M., França, L. S. D. A., Nonaka, C. K. V., Paredes, B. D., Rossi, E. A., Loiola, E. C., Adanho, C. S. A., et al. (2025) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-024-04086-4 · Cited by 4
In-vitro and In-vivo Experimental Models for MERS-CoV, SARSCoV, and SARS-CoV-2 Viral Infection: A Compendious Review
Singh, S. K., Kumar, A., & Sharma, H. (2022) · Recent Patents on Biotechnology · doi:10.2174/1872208316666220124101611 · Cited by 4
Long COVID: current status in Japan and knowledge about its molecular background
Matsunaga, A., Tsuzuki, S., Morioka, S., Ohmagari, N., & Ishizaka, Y. (2022) · Global Health & Medicine · doi:10.35772/ghm.2022.01013 · Cited by 6
Temporal Transcriptome Analysis of SARS-CoV-2-Infected Lung and Spleen in Human ACE2-Transgenic Mice
Kim, J. A., Kim, S.-H., Seo, J. S., Noh, H., Jeong, H., Kim, J., Jeon, D., Kim, J. J., Yoon, S., Yoon, S., et al. (2022) · Molecules and Cells · doi:10.14348/molcells.2022.0089 · Cited by 4
Ocular Symptoms Associated with COVID-19 Are Correlated with the Expression Profile of Mouse SARS-CoV-2 Binding Sites
Brechbühl, J., Ferreira, F., Lopes, A. C., Corset, E., Gilliand, N., & Broillet, M.-C. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15020354 · Cited by 4
A suitable model to investigate acute neurological consequences of coronavirus infection
Pimenta, J. C., Oliveira, B. D. S., Lima, A. L. D., Machado, C. A., Lacerda, L. D. S. B., Rossi, L., Queiroz‐Junior, C. M., Souza‐Costa, L. P., Andrade, A. C. S. P., Gonçalves, M. R., et al. (2023) · Inflammation Research · doi:10.1007/s00011-023-01798-w · Cited by 4
Ursodeoxycholic acid may protect from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Omicron variant by reducing angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2
Lee, K., Na, Y., Kim, M., Lee, D., Choi, J., Kim, G., & Kim, M.-S. (2024) · Pharmacology Research & Perspectives · doi:10.1002/prp2.1194 · Cited by 3
“The lung lesion of the K18-hACE2 transgenic mice model, for instance, exhibits a notable expression of ACE2, 36,38 which may clearly show how the Omicron infection altered the amount of ACE2.”
Background
J2N-k hamster model simulates severe infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in patients with cardiovascular diseases
Lee, H., Lee, T. Y., Jeon, P., Kim, N., Kim, J., Yang, J., Kim, K.-C., & Lee, J.-Y. (2021) · Journal of Virological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114306 · Cited by 4
A SARS CoV-2 nucleocapsid vaccine protects against distal viral disseminationPreprint
Class, J., Dangi, T., Richner, J. M., & Penaloza‐MacMaster, P. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.04.26.440920 · Cited by 4
A single dose, BCG-adjuvanted COVID-19 vaccine provides sterilizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection in micePreprint
Counoupas, C., Johansen, M. D., Stella, A. O., Nguyen, D. H., Ferguson, A. L., Aggarwal, A., Bhattacharyya, N. D., Grey, A., Patel, K., Siddiquee, R., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.12.10.419044 · Cited by 4
Identification of ACE2 modifiers by CRISPR screeningPreprint
Sherman, E. J., Mirabelli, C., Tang, V. T., Khan, T. G., Kennedy, A. A., Graham, S. E., Willer, C. J., Tai, A. W., Sexton, J. Z., Wobus, C. E., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.06.10.447768 · Cited by 4
“…abundance in HuH7 cells in our screen and as a proviral host factor for both SARS-CoV-2 and another ACE2-dependent coronavirus, HCoV-NL63, but not for other coronaviruses, HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43, that use alternative cellular receptors (Figure 3C) (Hulswit et al., 2019; Yeager et al., 1992).”
Background
Helminth exposure protects against murine SARS-CoV-2 infection through macrophage dependent T cell activationPreprint
Hilligan, K. L., Oyesola, O. O., Namasivayam, S., Howard, N., Clancy, C. S., Oland, S. D., Garza, N. L., Lafont, B. A. P., Johnson, R. F., Mayer-Barber, K. D., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.11.09.515832 · Cited by 4
nanoCLAMP potently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 and protects K18-hACE2 mice from infectionPreprint
Pagneux, Q., Garnier, N., Fabregue, M., Sharkaoui, S., Mazzoli, S., Engelmann, I., Boukherroub, R., Strecker, M., Cruz, E., Ducos, P. L., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.04.03.535401 · Cited by 4
The heat shock protein 90 inhibitor RGRN-305 attenuates SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-induced inflammation in vitro but lacks effectiveness as COVID-19 treatment in mice
Abdallah, H. B., Marino, G., Idorn, M., Reinert, L. S., Bregnhøj, A., Paludan, S. R., & Johansen, C. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0310915 · Cited by 3
NELL1 variant protein (NV1) modulates hyper-inflammation, Th-1 mediated immune response, and the HIF-1α hypoxia pathway to promote healing in viral-induced lung injury
Culiat, C. T., Soni, D. K., Malkes, W., Wienhold, M. D., Zhang, L., Henry, E., Dragan, M., Kar, S., Angeles, D. M., Eaker, S. S., et al. (2024) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.151198 · Cited by 3
Spatiotemporal Characterization of Changes in the Respiratory Tract and the Nervous System, Including the Eyes in SARS-CoV-2-Infected K18-hACE2 Mice
Rosiak, M., Schreiner, T., Beythien, G., Leitzen, E., Ulianytska, A., Allnoch, L., Becker, K., Michaely, L. M., Lockow, S., Clever, S., et al. (2025) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v17070963 · Cited by 3
“…been shown to develop severe lung lesions following intranasal infection with SARS-CoV-2, including acute pneumonia, alveolar collapse, interstitial as well as perivascular and vascular immune cell infiltration, alveolar septal thickening, and proteinaceous debris in alveolar spaces [12,14,61–64].”
Influential
MSC-Exosomes Carrying miRNA – Could they Enhance Tocilizumab Activity in Neuropathology of COVID-19?
Schultz, I. C., Bertoni, A. P. S., & Wink, M. R. (2022) · Stem Cell Reviews and Reports · doi:10.1007/s12015-022-10409-w · Cited by 3
Approach for the study of COVID-19 infection and vaccine development using mice model: A narrative review
Hansur, L., Louisa, M., & Wuyung, P. E. (2022) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0098285 · Cited by 3
Combined mutations in nonstructural protein 14, envelope, and membrane proteins mitigate the neuropathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 in K18-hACE2 mice
Sangare, K., Liu, S., Selvaraj, P., Stauft, C. B., Starost, M. F., & Wang, T. T. (2024) · mSphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00726-24 · Cited by 3
“SARS-CoV-2 infection of K18-hACE2 mice is usually lethal because of brain infection (12, 21, 34).”
A Primer on Proteomic Characterization of Intercellular Communication in a Virus Microenvironment
Kostas, J. C., Brainard, C. S., & Cristea, I. M. (2025) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.mcpro.2025.100913 · Cited by 4
“This excessive immune activation results in widespread in ﬂ ammation and tissue damage, particularly in the lungs, and is associated with poor outcomes (96).”
Effector CD8 T cell differentiation in primary and breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice
Kingstad-Bakke, B. A., Lee, W., Yount, B. L., Cleven, T., Park, H.-T., Sullivan, J. A., Baric, R. S., & Suresh, M. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-07820-7 · Cited by 5
“Studies using K18-hACE2 mice and wild-type strains of SARS-CoV-2 have shown greater severity in infection outcomes and complications compared to mouse-adapted strains, which provide a more controlled model for studying immune responses 43,68,69 .”
Targeting CTP synthetase 1 to restore interferon induction and impede nucleotide synthesis in SARS-CoV-2 infection
Rao, Y., Wang, T., Qin, C., Espinosa, B., Liu, Q., Ekanayake, A., Zhao, J., Savas, A. C., Zhang, C., Zarinfar, M., et al. (2025) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00649-25 · Cited by 18
Breathless Aftermath: Post-COVID-19 Pulmonary Fibrosis
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Targeting CCL2 silencing using polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles to reduce cytokine storm and inflammation in severe COVID-19
Ferreira, H. A. S., Guimarães, L. C., Costa, P. A. C., de Campos, C. L. V., Scalzo, S., Queiroz‐Junior, C. M., Figueiredo, M. M., Teixeira, M. M., Costa, V. V., & Guimarães, P. P. G. (2025) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126073 · Cited by 5
Beyond TGFβ1 - novel treatment strategies targeting lung fibrosis
Sim, C., Lamanna, E., Cirnigliaro, F., & Lam, M. (2021) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106090 · Cited by 3
Dysregulated Innate Immune and Inflammatory Responses in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Severity
Ghosh, P., Nagaraja, S., Basavaraju, S., & Kesavardhana, S. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Immunology · doi:10.1615/critrevimmunol.2021039716 · Cited by 3
Dissecting Phenotype from Genotype with Clinical Isolates of SARS-CoV-2 First Wave Variants
Taylor, M. K., Williams, E. P., Xue, Y., Jenjaroenpun, P., Wongsurawat, T., Smith, A. P., Smith, A. M., Parvathareddy, J., Kong, Y., Vogel, P., et al. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15030611 · Cited by 3
“, IL-6) were present in the lung, which is similar to other reports for WA1/2020-infected K18-hACE2 mice [10,21].”
BackgroundResult
Lung Inflammation Induced by Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 in C57BL/6 Female Mice Is Controlled by Intranasal Instillation of Vitamin D
de Souza, W. D. F., Zorzella-Pezavento, S. F. G., Ayupe, M. C., Salgado, C. L., Oliveira, B. D. C., Moreira, F., da Silva, G. W., Muraro, S. P., de Souza, G. F., Proença‐Módena, J. L., et al. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12071092 · Cited by 3
“Such inflammatory infiltrate displayed an impressive up-regulation of innate immunity markers, characterized by signatures of type I and II IFN and leukocyte activation pathways [11].”
Background
N-dihydrogalactochitosan reduces mortality in a lethal mouse model of SARS-CoV-2
Weiss, C. M., Liu, H., Ball, E. E., Hoover, A. R., Wong, T. S., Wong, C. F., Lam, S. S. K., Hode, T., Keel, M. K., Levenson, R. M., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0289139 · Cited by 5
SARS‐CoV‐2 variants of concern elicit divergent early immune responses in hACE2 transgenic mice
Fricke, C., Pfaff, F., Ulrich, L., Halwe, N. J., Schön, J., Timm, L., Hoffmann, W., Rauch, S., Petsch, B., Hoffmann, D., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202250332 · Cited by 4
SARS-CoV-2 infection engenders heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein interactions to impede translation elongation in the lungs
Kim, J., Youn, D., Choi, S.-H., Lee, Y. W., Sumberzul, D., Yoon, J., Lee, H., Bae, J. W., Noh, H., On, D., et al. (2023) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s12276-023-01110-0 · Cited by 3
“…enzyme 2 (hACE2) in epithelial lineages including airway epithelium under the control of the cytokeratin-18 promoter (K18), and the pathological signs of severe COVID-19, such as pneumonia and pulmonary dysfunction, has been reported to be recapitulated in these mice in several studies 5,31,32 .”
Background
SARS-CoV-2 decreases malaria severity in co-infected rodent models
Fraga, A., Mósca, A. F., Moita, D., Simas, J. P., Nunes‐Cabaço, H., & Prudêncio, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1307553 · Cited by 3

Authors: Winkler, E. S., Bailey, A. L., Kafai, N. M., Nair, S., McCune, B. T., Yu, J., Fox, J. M., Chen, R. E., Earnest, J. T., Keeler, S. P., Ritter, J. H., Kang, L.-I., Dort, S., Robichaud, A., Head, R., Holtzman, M. J., & Diamond, M. S.
Affiliations: Washington University in St. Louis (US)
Corresponding author: Diamond, Michael S.
ORCID: Winkler, Emma S.
Bailey, Adam L.
Kafai, Natasha M.
Nair, Sharmila
McCune, Broc T.
Yu, Jinsheng
Fox, Julie M.
Chen, Rita E.
Earnest, James T.
Keeler, Shamus P.
Ritter, Jon H.
Kang, Liang-I
Head, Richard
Holtzman, Michael J.
Diamond, Michael S.
Venue: Nature Immunology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2020-08-24
Volume: 21
Issue: 11
Pages: 1327-1335
ISSN: 1529-2908 (ISSN-L)
1529-2916
DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0778-2
PMC: PMC7578095
OpenAlex: W3080378920
Cited by: 901
References: 56
Citations by year: 2026: 55 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 124 · 2023: 131 · 2022: 234 · 2021: 252 · 2020: 32
FWCI: 21.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2020-09-02)
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Nature Immunology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (75N93019C00062, R01 AI127828, R01 AI130591, R35 HL145242, F32 AI138392)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR001117S0019)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › interferon and immune responses
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, K18-hACE2 mice, animal model of COVID-19, lung inflammation, lung function decline, monocytes, neutrophils, T cell activation, innate immune response, interferon signaling, NF-κB signaling
MeSH terms: Betacoronavirus, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Animals, Chlorocebus aethiops, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Interferon Type I, Interferon-gamma, Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A, Leukocytes, Lymphocyte Activation, Male, Mice, Transgenic, Monocytes, Neutrophils, Pneumonia, Pneumonia, Viral, Promoter Regions, Genetic, T-Lymphocytes, Vero Cells, Virus Replication, NF-kappa B, Coronavirus Infections, Neutrophil Infiltration, Mice, Keratin-18, Pandemics

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SARS-CoV-2 infection of human ACE2-transgenic mice causes severe lung inflammation and impaired function

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