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Integrative molecular and clinical modeling of clinical outcomes to PD1 blockade in patients with metastatic melanoma
Open accessAbstract
Immune-checkpoint blockade (ICB) has demonstrated efficacy in many tumor types, but predictors of responsiveness to anti-PD1 ICB are incompletely characterized. In this study, we analyzed a clinically annotated cohort of patients with melanoma (n = 144) treated with anti-PD1 ICB, with whole-exome and whole-transcriptome sequencing of pre-treatment tumors. We found that tumor mutational burden as a predictor of response was confounded by melanoma subtype, whereas multiple novel genomic and transcriptomic features predicted selective response, including features associated with MHC-I and MHC-II antigen presentation. Furthermore, previous anti-CTLA4 ICB exposure was associated with different predictors of response compared to tumors that were naive to ICB, suggesting selective immune effects of previous exposure to anti-CTLA4 ICB. Finally, we developed parsimonious models integrating clinical, genomic and transcriptomic features to predict intrinsic resistance to anti-PD1 ICB in individual tumors, with validation in smaller independent cohorts limited by the availability of comprehensive data. Broadly, we present a framework to discover predictive features and build models of ICB therapeutic response.
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“Our analysis identified distinct pathway signatures differentiating responders from nonresponders, with 78 pathways showing significant dysregulation (two-sided t test, P < 0.05; Fig. 6A, Supplementary Text, and fig. S4, A to E).”
From PathTIGR: A pathway topology-informed graph representation learning framework for immunotherapy response prediction (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Analysis demonstrated statistically significant improvements in both overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) among model-predicted responders compared to nonresponders (log-rank test, P < 0.0001; Fig. 2, E and F).”
From PathTIGR: A pathway topology-informed graph representation learning framework for immunotherapy response prediction (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“univariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis further revealed that bone metastasis, brain metastasis, and the PathTIGR model were significantly associated with patient outcomes, with PathTIGR showing the lowest hazard ratio (HR = 0.189, P < 0.001; Fig. 2H)”
From PathTIGR: A pathway topology-informed graph representation learning framework for immunotherapy response prediction (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Analysis demonstrated statistically significant improvements in both overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) among model-predicted responders compared to nonresponders (log-rank test, P < 0.0001; Fig. 2, E and F).”
From PathTIGR: A pathway topology-informed graph representation learning framework for immunotherapy response prediction (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated exceptional discriminatory performance for immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) response prediction, yielding an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.975 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.962 to 0.997; Fig. 2A].”
From PathTIGR: A pathway topology-informed graph representation learning framework for immunotherapy response prediction (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
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“The clinical validation of PathTIGR predictions was established through the comparative analysis of objective response rates (ORRs) between PathTIGR-stratified responder and nonresponder subgroups, revealing significantly elevated response rates among predicted responders relative to nonresponders (Fisher’s exact test, P < 0.0001; Fig. 2D)”
From PathTIGR: A pathway topology-informed graph representation learning framework for immunotherapy response prediction (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
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“precision-recall curve analysis was used, revealing an area under the precision-recall curve (AUPRC) of 0.969 (Fig. 2B).”
From PathTIGR: A pathway topology-informed graph representation learning framework for immunotherapy response prediction (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
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“with PathTIGR achieving an AUC of 0.85 for 4-year survival prognostication (Fig. 2G)”
From PathTIGR: A pathway topology-informed graph representation learning framework for immunotherapy response prediction (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
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“multivariate Cox regression analysis confirmed that PathTIGR remained an independent prognostic factor in training cohort (HR = 0.141, P < 0.001; Fig. 2H and Table 1)”
From PathTIGR: A pathway topology-informed graph representation learning framework for immunotherapy response prediction (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
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“maintaining AUC values consistently exceeding 0.8 at 2-year and 3-year intervals”
From PathTIGR: A pathway topology-informed graph representation learning framework for immunotherapy response prediction (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
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“The PathTIGR model consistently outperformed all these individual clinical variables in predicting patient prognosis (fig. S1).”
From PathTIGR: A pathway topology-informed graph representation learning framework for immunotherapy response prediction (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“We observed similar results in a larger validation cohort of advanced melanoma patients treated with ICB (Liu et al., 2019) (Figures 6C, S6E, and S6F).”
From Microbiota triggers STING-type I IFN-dependent monocyte reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment (2021) · cites this paper as Liu et al., 2019
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Metadata
- Authors
- Liu, D., Schilling, B., Liu, D., Sucker, A., Livingstone, E., Jerby-Arnon, L., Zimmer, L., Gutzmer, R., Satzger, I., Loquai, C., Grabbe, S., Vokes, N., Margolis, C. A., Conway, J., He, M. X., Elmarakeby, H., Dietlein, F., Miao, D., Tracy, A., Gogas, H., Goldinger, S. M., Utikal, J., Blank, C. U., Rauschenberg, R., von Bubnoff, D., Krackhardt, A., Weide, B., Haferkamp, S., Kiecker, F., Izar, B., Garraway, L., Regev, A., Flaherty, K., Paschen, A., Van Allen, E. M., & Schadendorf, D.
- Affiliations
- Broad Institute (US)
- German Cancer Research Center (DE)
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (DE)
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- University Hospital Zurich (CH)
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NL)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen (DE)
- University Hospital Regensburg (DE)
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
- Eli Lilly (United States) (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schadendorf, Dirk
- ORCID
- Liu, David
- Schilling, Bastian
- Liu, Derek
- Sucker, Antje
- Livingstone, Elisabeth
- Zimmer, Lisa
- Gutzmer, Ralf
- Satzger, Imke
- Loquai, Carmen
- Grabbe, Stephan
- Vokes, Natalie
- Margolis, Claire A.
- Conway, Jake
- He, Meng Xiao
- Elmarakeby, Haitham
- Dietlein, Felix
- Miao, Diana
- Tracy, Adam
- Gogas, Helen
- Goldinger, Simone M.
- Utikal, Jochen
- Blank, Christian U.
- Rauschenberg, Ricarda
- Krackhardt, Angela
- Weide, Benjamin
- Haferkamp, Sebastian
- Garraway, Levi
- Regev, Aviv
- Flaherty, Keith
- Paschen, Annette
- Van Allen, Eliezer M.
- Schadendorf, Dirk
- Venue
- Nature Medicine
- Published
- 2019-12
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1916-1927
- ISSN
- 1078-8956 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-170X
- PMC
- PMC6898788
- OpenAlex
- W2991341799
- Cited by
- 1,039
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 118 · 2025: 156 · 2024: 203 · 2023: 210 · 2022: 157 · 2021: 129 · 2020: 64
- FWCI
- 37.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2020-06-19)
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Regensburg Publication Server (University of Regensburg) (submittedVersion)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion)
- Nature
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1144152)
- Conquer Cancer Foundation (T32 GM008313)
- Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation
- Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SCHA422/17-1, SCHA 422/17, PA 2376/1‐, HO 6389/2-1, KFO337, 2376/1-1, 6389/2-1, PA 2376/1‐1)
- Universität des Saarlandes
- Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen Heidelberg
- National Institutes of Health (DGE1144152)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (T32HG002295)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA227388, K08CA222663, K08CA234458, U01CA233100)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM008313)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- metastatic melanoma, predictive biomarkers, tumor mutational burden, MHC class I antigen presentation, MHC class II antigen presentation, immune checkpoint inhibitor resistance, transcriptomic features, clinical outcome prediction
- MeSH terms
- Exome Sequencing, Nivolumab, Female, Humans, Male, Melanoma, Mutation, Neoplasm Metastasis, Antigen Presentation, Drug Resistance, Neoplasm, Transcriptome, CTLA-4 Antigen, Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
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