Solving medicine's data bottleneck: Nightingale Open Science
Open accessAbstract
Open datasets, curated around unsolved medical problems, are vital to the development of computational research in medicine, but remain in short supply. Nightingale Open Science, a non-profit computing platform, was founded to catalyse research in this nascent field.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Deidentification and public release of data, often through consortium models, is an option for data sharing; CAMELYON and BraTS challenges have made large-scale deidentified datasets available, and the Nightingale Open Science Initiative aims to release more.
“The second option is deidentification and public release of data, usually via a consortium model.”
From Artificial Intelligence in Oncology: Current Landscape, Challenges, and Future Directions (2024) · cites this paper as [165]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Privacy in the age of medical big data
Price, W. N., & Cohen, I. G. (2019) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0272-7 · Cited by 1,522 · see citing works
Video-based AI for beat-to-beat assessment of cardiac function
Ouyang, D., He, B., Ghorbani, A., Yuan, N., Ebinger, J., Langlotz, C. P., Heidenreich, P. A., Harrington, R. A., Liang, D. H., Ashley, E. A., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2145-8 · Cited by 1,153 · see citing works
Systematic Analysis of Breast Cancer Morphology Uncovers Stromal Features Associated with Survival
Beck, A. H., Sangoi, A. R., Leung, S. C. Y., Marinelli, R. J., Nielsen, T. O., van de Vijver, M. J., West, R. B., van de Rijn, M., & Koller, D. (2011) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3002564 · Cited by 765 · see citing works
Donoho, D. (2017) · Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics · doi:10.1080/10618600.2017.1384734 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Toward robust mammography-based models for breast cancer risk
Yala, A., Mikhael, P. G., Strand, F., Lin, G., Smith, K., Wan, Y.-L., Lamb, L., Hughes, K., Lehman, C., & Barzilay, R. (2021) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aba4373 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Reproducibility in machine learning for health research: Still a ways to go
McDermott, M. B. A., Wang, S., Marinsek, N., Ranganath, R., Foschini, L., & Ghassemi, M. (2021) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abb1655 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
An algorithmic approach to reducing unexplained pain disparities in underserved populations
Pierson, E., Cutler, D. M., Leskovec, J., Mullainathan, S., & Obermeyer, Z. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-01192-7 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Geographic Distribution of US Cohorts Used to Train Deep Learning Algorithms
Kaushal, A., Altman, R., & Langlotz, C. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.12067 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Does Machine Learning Automate Moral Hazard and Error?
Mullainathan, S., & Obermeyer, Z. (2017) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.p20171084 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
On the Inequity of Predicting A While Hoping for B
Mullainathan, S., & Obermeyer, Z. (2021) · AEA Papers and Proceedings · doi:10.1257/pandp.20211078 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Disrupting the Approach to Sudden Cardiac Death
Chugh, S. S. (2017) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.117.029932 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Subtyping cardiac arrest with ECG waveforms
Huang, C.-H., Su, R., Huang, H.-C., Lin, K., Foster, N., Juergens, N., Risley, J., Haynes, K., & Obermeyer, Z. (2021) · UC Berkeley · doi:10.48815/n5wc7d · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Identifying high-risk breast cancer using digital pathology images
Bifulco, C., Piening, B., Bower, T. C., Robicsek, A. A., Weerasinghe, R. K., Lee, S., Foster, N., Juergens, N., Risley, J., Haynes, K., et al. (2021) · UC Berkeley · doi:10.48815/n5159b · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Diagnosing 'silent' heart attack using ECG waveforms
Pramanik, R., Shah, B., Roth, A., Wei, H., Castillo, T., Lin, K., Shah, S., Serghiou, S., Foster, N., Risley, J., et al. (2021) · UC Berkeley · doi:10.48815/n54w2v · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Predicting fractures and pain using chest x-rays
Lungren, M. P., Kim, J., Bogdan, S., Lane, W., Risley, J., Haynes, K., & Obermeyer, Z. (2021) · UC Berkeley · doi:10.48815/n5rp44 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Emergency triage of Covid-19 patients using chest X-rays
Robicsek, A. A., Russell, A., Czartoski, T., Diaz, G., Minogue, J., Danielsson, P., Pirri, M., Manning, K., Lin, K., Lane, W., et al. (2021) · UC Berkeley · doi:10.48815/n5mw26 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Mullainathan, S. & Obermeyer, Z. AEA Papers & Proc. 107, 476-480 (2017).
- Mullainathan, S. & Obermeyer, Z. AEA Papers & Proc. 111, 37-42 (2021).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Artificial Intelligence in Oncology: Current Landscape, Challenges, and Future Directions
Lotter, W., Hassett, M. J., Schultz, N., Kehl, K. L., Van Allen, E. M., & Cerami, E. (2024) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-23-1199 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
The emergence of economic rationality of GPT
Chen, Y., Liu, T. X., Shan, Y., & Zhong, S. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2316205120 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“, 2018); clinical diagnosis (Mullainathan and Obermeyer, 2022); work arrangements (Kawaguchi et al.”
BackgroundMosqueira-Rey, E., Hernández-Pereira, E., Bobes-Bascarán, J., Alonso-Ríos, D., Pérez-Sánchez, A., Fernández-Leal, Á., Moret‐Bonillo, V., Vidal-Ínsua, Y., & Vázquez-Rivera, F. (2023) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-023-09197-2 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Generative Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
Shanmugam, D., Agrawal, M., Movva, R., Chen, I. Y., Ghassemi, M., Jacobs, M. L., & Pierson, E. (2025) · Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-103123-095332 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Lamotkin, A. I., Иванович, К. Д., Анатольевич, Л. И., Livshitz, S. A., & Геннадьевна, П. Е. (2024) · FARMAKOEKONOMIKA Modern Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmacoepidemiology · doi:10.17749/2070-4909/farmakoekonomika.2024.254 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Martinson, A. K., Chin, A. T., Butte, M. J., & Rider, N. L. (2024) · The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology In Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2024.08.012 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Towards precision medicine based on a continuous deep learning optimization and ensemble approach
Li, J., Jin, L., Wang, Z., Peng, Q., Wang, Y., Luo, J., Zhou, J., Cao, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, M., et al. (2023) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00759-1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Adaptive Compressed Sensing with Diffusion-Based Posterior Sampling
Elata, N., Michaeli, T., & Elad, M. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-73229-4_17 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
An ECG biomarker for sudden cardiac death discovered with deep learning
Obermeyer, Z., Schubert, A., Ross, J., Mullainathan, S., & Lingman, M. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10674-6 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Sudden cardiac arrest prediction via deep learning electrocardiogram analysis
Oberdier, M. T., Neri, L., Orro, A., Carrick, R. T., Nobile, M. S., Jaipalli, S., Khan, M. B., Diciotti, S., Borghi, C., & Halperin, H. R. (2025) · European Heart Journal - Digital Health · doi:10.1093/ehjdh/ztae088 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Mooney, S. D. (2023) · The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1093/jalm/jfac113 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Analysis of the medical residency matching algorithm to validate and improve equity
Mascarenhas, B., & Puranam, K. S. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0284153 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Exploring diabetes through the lens of AI and computer vision: Methods and future prospects
Chundi, R., Gomathy, S., Basivi, P. K., Tippana, A., Hulipalled, V. R., Prabakaran, N., Simha, J. B., Kim, C. W., Kakani, V., & Pasupuleti, V. R. (2024) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.109537 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
What We Want to Publish at NEJM AI
Manrai, A. K., Beam, A. L., & Kohane, I. S. (2024) · NEJM AI · doi:10.1056/aie2300304 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Shaping AI's Impact on Billions of Lives
Cuéllar, M.-F., Dean, J., Doshi‐Velez, F., Hennessy, J. L., Konwinski, A., Koyejo, S., Moiloa, P., Pierson, E., & Patterson, D. (2025) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/3746132 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Using unlabeled data to enhance fairness of medical AI
Movva, R., Koh, P. W., & Pierson, E. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-024-02892-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Streamlining tuberculosis detection with foundation model-based weakly supervised transformer
Bedőházi, Z., Biricz, A., Foster, N., Lin, Y. E., & Csabai, I. (2025) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.110554 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The public right of access to research data – an ethical dilemma?
Borgerud, C. (2025) · Journal of Documentation · doi:10.1108/jd-04-2025-0096 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Tracing thematic evolution in healthcare AI: evidence from patent analysis
Zhang, J., & Qiao, J. (2025) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-025-05501-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Role of Technology in Research and Innovation: A Taxonomy of ImplicationsPreprint
Barbosu, S., & Teodoridis, F. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4371451 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence as the Driver for Organizational Excellence and Ambidexterity among Nurses
Helal, W. E. S. H., Elsagheir, S. G. M., & Soliman, S. M. (2023) · Egyptian Journal of Health Care · doi:10.21608/ejhc.2023.344638 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Joshi, S., Shaik, H. R., Sharma, S. R., Strong, P., Srivatsa, U. N., Ebong, I., Jeong, H., Chuah, C., & Mo, L. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3592693 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bedőházi, Z., Biricz, A., Kilim, O., Foster, N., Gregus, B., Tõkés, A., Pollner, P., Csabai, I., & Knudsen, B. S. (2026) · Journal of Pathology Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jpi.2026.100644 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Racial disparities in pain and total knee arthroplasty across knee osteoarthritis phenotypes
Alkhatatbeh, A., Alkhatatbeh, T., Chen, J., Chen, H., Xu, J., & Hu, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Aging · doi:10.3389/fragi.2026.1819274 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Evaluation of Prospect and Challenges of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Preparation for Future
Hossain, K. A. (2023) · American Journal of Computer Science and Technology · doi:10.11648/j.ajcst.20230604.13 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ige, T. O. (2024) · Journal of Health, Medicine and Nursing · doi:10.7176/jhmn/113-07 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Technological Innovations in Public Health
Varsak, S. (2024) · doi:10.69860/nobel.9786053359418.10 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Opportunities and Challenges
Dhuri, A. B. (2023) · International Journal of Advanced Research in Science Communication and Technology · doi:10.48175/ijarsct-12743
Evaluation of Challenges for Extensive Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Every Aspect of Life
Hossain, K. A. (2023) · American Journal of Computer Science and Technology · doi:10.11648/j.ajcst.20230604.11
Potential and Challenges of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Future Consequences
Hossain, C. K. A. (2023) · Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management · doi:10.46254/ba06.20230020
Li, J., Xiong, Z., & Ding, Z. (2024) · Lecture notes in operations research · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-1949-5_113
Domain Selection for Gaussian Process Data: An Application to Electrocardiogram Signals
Hernández, N., & Martos, G. (2024) · Biometrical Journal · doi:10.1002/bimj.70018
Enabling Augmented Intelligence Using Gen AI in Mechanical Ventilators
J, L. V. C., Arshad Ahmed, B., Raja, E., & Udhayadhithan, P. A. (2024) · International Conference on Smart Electronics and Communication Systems (ISENSE) · doi:10.1109/isense63713.2024.10872334
Lebedeva, D. A. (2025) · Труды по Интеллектуальной Собственности · doi:10.17323/tis.2025.27372
Holt, J. R., Tillman, S., Carter, J. K., Preble, E. A., Cates, S. C., Brannock, M. D., Long, M., McCarthy, J. V., Leiva, L. Z., Vishwanatha, J. K., et al. (2025) · Data Science in Science · doi:10.1080/26941899.2025.2523871
Implications for Future Research, Policy, and Management
Barbosu, S., & Teodoridis, F. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-98341-2_7
Fundamentals of artificial intelligence in healthcare
Rane, P. B., Rane, B. R., Kothawade, S. N., & Chaure, P. P. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33565-5.00008-6
Investment-Driven Vaccine Market Dynamics under a Filippov System Framework
Li, Y., Huang, S., & Song, X. (2025) · International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos · doi:10.1142/s0218127426500331
Role of artificial intelligence in health sector: review of literature
Sharma, K., & Sharma, R. L. (2026) · International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20261451
Open-access datasets for cardiovascular imaging: A scoping review
Touray, A., Rotzinger, D. C., Pozzessere, C., & Fahrni, G. (2026) · European Journal of Radiology Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.ejrai.2026.100108
Explainable AI for Health Care Prediction Bridging Data, Decisions and Clinical Adoptation
Arathi, Shylaja, K. R., & Prabha, R. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-3811-9_14
Li, X., Yin, C., Mpofu, E., & Liu, X. (2026) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2026.104195
- Authors
- Mullainathan, S., & Obermeyer, Z.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Obermeyer, Ziad
- Venue
- Nature Medicine
- Published
- 2022-05
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 897-899
- ISSN
- 1078-8956 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-170X
- OpenAlex
- W4229447538
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 11
- FWCI
- 8.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Medicine (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG005842)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Research Data Management Practices
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Scientific Computing and Data Management
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Interdisciplinary Research and Collaboration
- Keywords
- health data, computational medicine, data sharing, research infrastructure
- MeSH terms
- Medicine, Science
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review