Acceptance of immersive head-mounted virtual reality in older adults
Open accessAbstract
Immersive virtual reality has become increasingly popular to improve the assessment and treatment of health problems. This rising popularity is likely to be facilitated by the availability of affordable headsets that deliver high quality immersive experiences. As many health problems are more prevalent in older adults, who are less technology experienced, it is important to know whether they are willing to use immersive virtual reality. In this study, we assessed the initial attitude towards head-mounted immersive virtual reality in 76 older adults who had never used virtual reality before. Furthermore, we assessed changes in attitude as well as self-reported cybersickness after a first exposure to immersive virtual reality relative to exposure to time-lapse videos. Attitudes towards immersive virtual reality changed from neutral to positive after a first exposure to immersive virtual reality, but not after exposure to time-lapse videos. Moreover, self-reported cybersickness was minimal and had no association with exposure to immersive virtual reality. These results imply that the contribution of VR applications to health in older adults will neither be hindered by negative attitudes nor by cybersickness.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The neutral attitude of some older adults without prior experience with HMD-VR became more positive after they had support from champions and opportunities to try the HMD-VR device.
“The neutral attitude of some of the older adults without prior experience with Head Mounted Device (HMD)-VR became more positive after they had support from the champions and opportunities to try the HMD-VR device (Huygelier et al., 2019; T.-Y. Lin et al., 2020) .”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Using Virtual Reality and its Impact on Social Engagement in Aged Care Settings: A Scoping Review (2023) · cites this paper as Huygelier et al., 2019
The Results and Discussion report that older adults without prior HMD-VR experience initially had neutral attitudes that became more positive after trying it. The Discussion does not attribute that change to support from champions; it says the type of help needed while using HMD-VR remains an open question. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredReviewed articles showed that staff play a significant role in supporting VR/AR implementation in care settings.
“Some of the reviewed articles demonstrated the significant role of staff in supporting VR/AR implementation in care settings.”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Using Virtual Reality and its Impact on Social Engagement in Aged Care Settings: A Scoping Review (2023) · cites this paper as Huygelier et al., 2019
The Methodology (Procedure and design; page not available) says an experimenter explained and assisted older adults in using VR, supporting the narrower point that people can help users engage with it. The paper does not establish that care-setting staff play a significant role in VR/AR implementation; it studied older adults’ attitudes after VR exposure, not implementation in care settings. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using <b>lme4</b>
Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v067.i01 · Cited by 86,835 · see citing works
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/bf03193146 · Cited by 65,971 · see citing works
<b>lavaan</b> : An <i>R</i> Package for Structural Equation Modeling
Rosseel, Y. (2012) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v048.i02 · Cited by 27,955 · see citing works
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment
Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., Cummings, J. L., & Chertkow, H. (2005) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x · Cited by 25,553 · see citing works
Simulator Sickness Questionnaire: An Enhanced Method for Quantifying Simulator Sickness
Kennedy, R. S., Lane, N. E., Berbaum, K. S., & Lilienthal, M. G. (1993) · The International Journal of Aviation Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15327108ijap0303_3 · Cited by 5,457 · see citing works
Czaja, S. J., Charness, N., Fisk, A. D., Hertzog, C., Nair, S. N., Rogers, W. A., & Sharit, J. (2006) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.2.333 · Cited by 2,113 · see citing works
Ponterotto, J. G., & Ruckdeschel, D. E. (2007) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.105.3.997-1014 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Valmaggia, L. R., Latif, L., Kempton, M. J., & Rus-Calafell, M. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.01.015 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Senior citizens’ acceptance of information systems: A study in the context of e-government services
Phang, C. W., Sutanto, J., Kankanhalli, A., Li, Y., Tan, B. C. Y., & Teo, H.-H. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2006.883710 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Optale, G., Urgesi, C., Busato, V., Marin, S., Piron, L., Priftis, K., Gamberini, L., Capodieci, S., & Bordin, A. (2010) · Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair · doi:10.1177/1545968309353328 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
A Bayesian Perspective on the Reproducibility Project: Psychology
Etz, A., & Vandekerckhove, J. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149794 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
The potential of virtual reality and gaming to assist successful aging with disability
Lange, B. S., Requejo, P., Flynn, S. M., Rizzo, A. A., Valero-Cuevas, F. J., Baker, L., & Winstein, C. (2010) · Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2009.12.007 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 47
- [1]Bohil CJ Alicea B Biocca FA Virtual reality in neuroscience research and therapy Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2011 12 752 762 10.1038/nrn3122 22048061 · DOI · Paper page
- [2]Freeman, D. et al. Virtual reality in the assessment, understanding, and treatment of mental health disorders. Psychol. Med. 1–8, 10.1017/S003329171700040X (2017). PMC5964457 28325167 · DOI · Paper page
- [3]García-Betances, R. I., Arredondo Waldmeyer, M. T., Fico, G. & Cabrera-Umpiérrez, M. F. A succinct overview of virtual reality technology use in Alzheimer’s disease. Front. Aging Neurosci. 7 (2015). PMC4428215 26029101
- [5]Rizzo AA Schultheis M Kerns KA Mateer C Analysis of assets for virtual reality applications in neuropsychology Neuropsychol. Rehabil. 2004 14 207 239 10.1080/09602010343000183 · DOI
- [8]Cruz-Neira, C., Sandin, D. J. & DeFanti, T. A. Surround-screen projection-based virtual reality: the design and implementation of the CAVE. In Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques 135–142, 10.1145/166117.166134 (ACM, 1993). · DOI
- [9]Milgram P Kishino F A taxonomy of mixed reality visual displays IEICE Trans. Inf. Syst. 1994 77 1321 1329
- [10]Levac D Glegg S Colquhoun H Miller P Noubary F Virtual reality and active videogame-based practice, learning needs, and preferences: a cross-Canada survey of physical therapists and occupational therapists Games Health J. 2017 6 217 228 10.1089/g4h.2016.0089 28816511 · DOI
- [11]Cameirão MS Badia SBi Oller ED Verschure PF Neurorehabilitation using the virtual reality based Rehabilitation Gaming System: methodology, design, psychometrics, usability and validation J. NeuroEngineering Rehabil. 2010 7 48 10.1186/1743-0003-7-48 PMC2949710 20860808 · DOI
- [12]Colomer C Llorens R Noé E Alcañiz M Effect of a mixed reality-based intervention on arm, hand, and finger function on chronic stroke J. NeuroEngineering Rehabil. 2016 13 45 10.1186/s12984-016-0153-6 PMC4864937 27169462 · DOI
- [13]Fung J Richards CL Malouin F McFadyen BJ Lamontagne A A treadmill and motion coupled virtual reality system for gait training post-stroke Cyberpsychol. Behav. 2006 9 157 162 10.1089/cpb.2006.9.157 16640470 · DOI
- [14]Jang SH Cortical reorganization and associated functional motor recovery after virtual reality in patients with chronic stroke: an experimenter-blind preliminary study Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2005 86 2218 2223 10.1016/j.apmr.2005.04.015 16271575 · DOI
- [15]Jung J Yu J Kang H Effects of virtual reality treadmill training on balance and balance self-efficacy in stroke patients with a history of falling J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 2012 24 1133 1136 10.1589/jpts.24.1133 · DOI
- [16]Kim BR Chun MH Kim LS Park JY Effect of virtual reality on cognition in stroke patients Ann. Rehabil. Med. 2011 35 450 459 10.5535/arm.2011.35.4.450 22506159 PMC3309247 · DOI
- [18]Dvorkin AY Bogey RA Harvey RL Patton JL Mapping the neglected space gradients of detection revealed by virtual reality Neurorehabil. Neural Repair 2012 26 120 131 10.1177/1545968311410068 21746873 PMC8767418 · DOI
- [19]Gupta V Knott BA Kodgi S Lathan CE Using the “VREye” system for the assessment of unilateral visual neglect: two case reports Presence 2000 9 268 286 10.1162/105474600566790 · DOI
- [20]Foerster RM Poth CH Behler C Botsch M Schneider WX Using the virtual reality device Oculus Rift for neuropsychological assessment of visual processing capabilities Sci. Rep. 2016 6 37016 10.1038/srep37016 27869220 PMC5116630 · DOI
- [21]Kang YJ Development and clinical trial of virtual reality-based cognitive assessment in people with stroke: preliminary study Cyberpsychol. Behav. 2008 11 329 339 10.1089/cpb.2007.0116 18537503 · DOI
- [22]Nichols S Patel H Health and safety implications of virtual reality: a review of empirical evidence Appl. Ergon. 2002 33 251 271 10.1016/S0003-6870(02)00020-0 12164509 · DOI
- [23]Holden RJ Karsh B-T The technology acceptance model: its past and its future in health care J. Biomed. Inform. 2010 43 159 172 10.1016/j.jbi.2009.07.002 19615467 PMC2814963 · DOI · Paper page
- [24]Broady T Chan A Caputi P Comparison of older and younger adults’ attitudes towards and abilities with computers: implications for training and learning Br. J. Educ. Technol. 2010 41 473 485 10.1111/j.1467-8535.2008.00914.x · DOI
- [25]Hauk N Hüffmeier J Krumm S Ready to be a silver surfer? A meta-analysis on the relationship between chronological age and technology acceptance Comput. Hum. Behav. 2018 84 304 319 10.1016/j.chb.2018.01.020 · DOI
- [26]Mitzner TL Older adults talk technology: technology usage and attitudes Comput. Hum. Behav. 2010 26 1710 1721 10.1016/j.chb.2010.06.020 PMC2956433 20967133 · DOI · Paper page
- [30]Lim CSC Designing inclusive ICT products for older users: taking into account the technology generation effect J. Eng. Des. 2010 21 189 206 10.1080/09544820903317001 · DOI
- [31]Jay GM Willis SL Influence of direct computer experience on older adults’ attitudes toward computers J. Gerontol. 1992 47 P250 P257 10.1093/geronj/47.4.P250 1624702 · DOI
- [32]Ellis RD Allaire JC Modeling computer interest in older adults: the role of age, education, computer knowledge, and computer anxiety Hum. Factors 1999 41 345 355 10.1518/001872099779610996 10665203 · DOI · Paper page
- [34]Wadley VG Okonkwo O Crowe M Ross-Meadows LA Mild cognitive impairment and everyday function: evidence of reduced speed in performing instrumental activities of daily living Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2008 16 416 424 10.1097/01.JGP.0000310780.04465.13 18448852 · DOI · Paper page
- [35]Wilson RS The influence of cognitive decline on well being in old age Psychol. Aging 2013 28 304 313 10.1037/a0031196 23421323 PMC3692607 · DOI
- [36]Jacoby M Effectiveness of executive functions training within a virtual supermarket for adults with traumatic brain injury: a pilot study IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 2013 21 182 190 10.1109/TNSRE.2012.2235184 23292820 · DOI
- [37]Miller KJ Effectiveness and feasibility of virtual reality and gaming system use at home by older adults for enabling physical activity to improve health-related domains: a systematic review Age Ageing 2014 43 188 195 10.1093/ageing/aft194 24351549 · DOI · Paper page
- [38]Simone LK Schultheis MT Rebimbas J Millis SR Head-mounted displays for clinical virtual reality applications: pitfalls in understanding user behavior while using technology Cyberpsychol. Behav. 2006 9 591 602 10.1089/cpb.2006.9.591 17034327 · DOI
- [39]Manera V A Feasibility Study with image-based rendered virtual reality in patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia PLOS ONE 2016 11 e0151487 10.1371/journal.pone.0151487 26990298 PMC4798753 · DOI
- [42]Strahan R & Gerbasi Kathleen Carrese. Short, homogeneous versions of the Marlow‐Crowne Social Desirability Scale J. Clin. Psychol. 1972 28 191 193 10.1002/1097-4679(197204)28:2<191::AID-JCLP2270280220>3.0.CO;2-G · DOI
- [43]Bickerton W-L Systematic assessment of apraxia and functional predictions from the Birmingham Cognitive Screen J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012 83 513 521 10.1136/jnnp-2011-300968 22383734 · DOI
- [44]Kass RE Raftery AE Bayes Factors J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 1995 90 773 795 10.1080/01621459.1995.10476572 · DOI · Paper page
- [46]Paillard AC Motion sickness susceptibility in healthy subjects and vestibular patients: Effects of gender, age and trait-anxiety J. Vestib. Res. 2013 23 203 209 24284600
- [47]Robert MT Ballaz L Lemay M The effect of viewing a virtual environment through a head-mounted display on balance Gait Posture 2016 48 261 266 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.06.010 27344394 · DOI
- [48]Stanney KM Hash P Locus of User-Initiated Control in Virtual Environments: Influences on Cybersickness Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ. 1998 7 447 459 10.1162/105474698565848 · DOI
- [51]Shaft TM Sharfman MP Wu WW Reliability assessment of the attitude towards computers instrument (ATCI) Comput. Hum. Behav. 2004 20 661 689 10.1016/j.chb.2003.10.021 · DOI
- [52]Durndell A Haag Z Computer self efficacy, computer anxiety, attitudes towards the Internet and reported experience with the Internet, by gender, in an East European sample Comput. Hum. Behav. 2002 18 521 535 10.1016/S0747-5632(02)00006-7 · DOI
- [53]McAuley E Duncan T Tammen VV Psychometric properties of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory in a competitive sport setting: a confirmatory factor analysis Res. Q. Exerc. Sport 1989 60 48 58 10.1080/02701367.1989.10607413 2489825 · DOI · Paper page
- [54]Lessiter J Freeman J Keogh E Davidoff J A cross-media presence questionnaire: The ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ. 2001 10 282 297 10.1162/105474601300343612 · DOI · Paper page
- [55]Boot WR Computer Proficiency Questionnaire: assessing low and high computer proficient seniors The Gerontologist 2015 55 404 411 10.1093/geront/gnt117 24107443 PMC4542703 · DOI
- [56]Barbeite FG Weiss EM Computer self-efficacy and anxiety scales for an Internet sample: testing measurement equivalence of existing measures and development of new scales Comput. Hum. Behav. 2004 20 1 15 10.1016/S0747-5632(03)00049-9 · DOI
- [63]Rouder JN Morey RD Speckman PL Province JM Default Bayes factors for ANOVA designs J. Math. Psychol. 2012 56 356 374 10.1016/j.jmp.2012.08.001 · DOI · Paper page
- [64]Wetzels R Wagenmakers E-J A default Bayesian hypothesis test for correlations and partial correlations Psychon. Bull. Rev. 2012 19 1057 1064 10.3758/s13423-012-0295-x 22798023 PMC3505519 · DOI
- [67]Gunel E Dickey J Bayes factors for independence in contingency tables Biometrika 1974 61 545 557 10.1093/biomet/61.3.545 · DOI
- [69]Wagenmakers E-J Wetzels R Borsboom D van der Maas HLJ Why psychologists must change the way they analyze their data: the case of psi: comment on Bem (2011) J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 2011 100 426 432 10.1037/a0022790 21280965 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dermody, G., Whitehead, L., Wilson, G., & Glass, C. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/17331 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Using Virtual Reality to Improve Apathy in Residential Aged Care: Mixed Methods Study
Saredakis, D., Keage, H. A., Corlis, M., & Loetscher, T. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/17632 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Immersive Virtual Reality for Older Adults: Empirically Grounded Design Guidelines
Abeele, V. V., Schraepen, B., Huygelier, H., Gillebert, C., Gerling, K., & Van Ee, R. (2021) · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing · doi:10.1145/3470743 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationVirtual Reality Induced Symptoms and Effects: Concerns, Causes, Assessment & Mitigation
Conner, N. O., Freeman, H. R., Jones, J. A., Luczak, T., Carruth, D., Knight, A. C., & Chander, H. (2022) · Virtual Worlds · doi:10.3390/virtualworlds1020008 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Hung, L., Mann, J., Wallsworth, C., Upreti, M., Kan, W., Temirova, A., Wong, K. L. Y., Ren, H., To-Miles, F., Wong, J., et al. (2023) · Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1177/23337214231166355 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“The neutral attitude of some of the older adults without prior experience with Head Mounted Device (HMD)-VR became more positive after they had support from the champions and opportunities to try the HMD-VR device (Huygelier et al., 2019; T.-Y. Lin et al., 2020) .”
BackgroundAgeing in the digital age: What drives virtual reality technology adoption among older adults?
Man, S. S., Wang, J., Chan, A. H. S., & Liu, L. (2026) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2025.2473685 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Huygelier, H., Schraepen, B., van Ee, R., Vanden Abeele, V., & Gillebert, C. R.
- Affiliations
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research (BE)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Gillebert, Céline R.
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2019-03-14
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 4519-4519
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6418153
- OpenAlex
- W2922011710
- Cited by
- 299
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 27.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (1171717N, G078915N)
- EU HealthPac grant awarded to J. van Opstal
- Wellcome Trust (101253/A/13/Z)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Demography › Technology Use by Older Adults
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Keywords
- immersive virtual reality, head-mounted displays, older adults, technology acceptance, cybersickness, time-lapse video, technology adoption in aging
- MeSH terms
- Virtual Reality, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Attitude, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Self Efficacy, Self Report
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review